necessary　funds　and　is　constrained　to　economize　where　it　can。　So
  an　advance　in　nominal　rank　is　made　to　serve　in　place　of　an
  advance　in　salary；　the　former　being　the　less　costly　commodity　for
  the　time　being。　Indeed；　so　frequent　are　such　departures　from　the
  normal　scale　as　to　have　given　rise　to　the　（no　doubt　ill…advised）
  suggestion　that　this　may　be　one　of　the　chief　uses　of　the　adopted
  schedule　of　normal　salaries。　So　an　employee　of　the　university　may
  not　infrequently　find　himself　constrained　to　accept；　as　part
  payment；　an　expensive　increment　of　dignity　attaching　to　a　higher
  rank　than　his　salary　account　would　indicate。　Such　an　outcome　of
  individual　bargaining　is　all　the　more　likely　in　the　academic
  community；　since　there　is　no　settled　code　of　professional　ethics
  governing　the　conduct　of　business　enterprise　in　academic
  management；　as　contrasted　with　the　traffic　of　ordinary
  competitive　business。
  4。　So；　e。g。；　the　well…known　president　of　a　well　and　favourably
  known　university　was　at　pains　a　few　years　ago　to　distinguish　one
  of　his　faculty　as　being　his　〃ideal　of　a　university　man〃；　the
  grounds　of　this　invidious　distinction　being　a　lifelike　imitation
  of　a　country　gentleman　and　a　fair　degree　of　attention　to
  committee　work　in　connection　with　the　academic　administration；
  the　incumbent　had　no　distinguishing　marks　either　as　a　teacher　or
  as　a　scholar；　and　neither　science　nor　letters　will　be　found　in
  his　debt。　It　is　perhaps　needless　to　add　that　for　reasons　of
  invidious　distinction；　no　names　can　be　mentioned　in　this
  connection。　It　should　be　added　in　illumination　of　the　instance
  cited；　that　in　the　same　university；　by　consistent　selection　and
  discipline　of　the　personnel；　it　had　come　about　that；　in　the
  apprehension　of　the　staff　as　well　as　of　the　executive；　the
  accepted　test　of　efficiency　was　the　work　done　on　the
  administrative　committees　　rather　than　that　of　the　class　rooms
  or　laboratories。
  5。　Within　the　past　few　years　an　academic　executive　of　great　note
  has　been　heard　repeatedly　to　express　himself　in　facetious　doubt
  of　this　penchant　for　scholarly　inquiry　on　the　part　of　university
  men；　whether　as　〃rese醨ch〃　or　as　〃r閟earch〃；　and　there　is
  doubtless　ground　for　scepticism　as　to　its　permeating　the　academic
  body　with　that　sting　of　ubiquity　that　is　implied　in　many
  expressions　on　this　head。　And　it　should　also　be　said；　perhaps　in
  extenuation　of　the　expression　cited　above；　that　the　president　was
  addressing　delegations　of　his　own　faculty；　and　presumably
  directing　his　remarks　to　their　special　benefit；　and　that　while　he
  professed　（no　doubt　ingenuously）　a　profound　zeal　for　the　cause　of
  science　at　large；　it　had　come　about；　selectively；　through　a　long
  course　of　sedulous　attention　on　his　own　part　to　all　other
  qualifications　than　the　main　fact；　that　his　faculty　at　the　time
  of　speaking　was　in　the　main　an　aggregation　of　slack…twisted
  schoolmasters　and　men　about　town。　Such　a　characterization；
  however；　does　not　carry　any　gravely　invidious　discrimination；　nor
  will　it　presumably　serve　in　any　degree　to　identify　the　seat　of
  learning　to　which　it　refers。
  6。　The　share　and　value　of　the　〃faculty　wives〃　in　all　this　routine
  of　resolute　conviviality　is　a　large　topic；　an　intelligent　and
  veracious　account　of　which　could　only　be　a　work　of　naive
  brutality：
  〃But　the　grim；　grim　Ladies；　Oh；　my　brothers！
  They　are　ladling　bitterly。
  They　are　ladling　in　the　work…time　of　the　others；
  In　the　country　of　the　free。〃
  （Mrs。　Elizabret　Harte　Browning；　in　The　Cry　of　the　Heathen
  Chinee。）
  7。　What　takes　place　without　executive　sanction　need　trouble　no
  one。
  CHAPTER　VI
  The　Portion　of　the　Scientist
  The　principles　of　business　enterprise　touch　the　life　and　work
  of　the　academic　staff　at　divers　points　and　with　various　effect。
  Under　their　rule；　and　in　so　far　as　they　rule；　the　remuneration
  shifts　from　the　basis　of　a　stipend　designed　to　further　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge；　to　that　of　a　wage　bargain；　partaking　of　the
  nature　of　a　piece…work　scheme；　designed　to　procure　class…room
  instruction　at　the　lowest　practicable　cost。　A　businesslike　system
  of　accountancy　standardizes　and　measures　this　instruction　by
  mechanically　gauged　units　of　duration　and　number；　amplitude　and
  frequency；　and　so　discountenances　work　that　rises　above　a　staple
  grade　of　mediocrity。　Usage　and　the　urgent　need　of　a　reputable
  notoriety　impose　on　university　men　an　extraneous　and　excessively
  high　standard　of　living　expenses；　which　constrains　them　to　take
  on　supernumerary　work　in　excess　of　what　they　can　carry　in　an
  efficient　manner。　The　need　of　university　prestige　enforces　this
  high　scale　of　expenses；　and　also　pushes　the　members　of　the　staff
  into　a　routine　of　polite　dissipation；　ceremonial　display；
  exhibitions　of　quasi…scholarly　proficiency　and　propagandist
  intrigue。
  If　these　business　principles　were　quite　free　to　work　out
  their　logical　consequences；　untroubled　by　any　disturbing　factors
  of　an　unbusinesslike　nature；　the　outcome　should　be　to　put　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge　definitively　in　abeyance　within　the
  university；　and　to　substitute　for　that　objective　something　for
  which　the　language　hitherto　lacks　a　designation。
  For　divers　reasons　of　an　unbusinesslike　kind；　such　a
  consummate　（〃sweat…shop〃）　scheme　has　never　fully　been　achieved；
  particularly　not　in　establishments　that　are；　properly　speaking；
  of　anything　like　university　grade。　This　perfect　scheme　of
  low…cost　perfunctory　instruction；　high…cost　stage　properties　and
  press…agents；　public　song　and　dance；　expensive　banquets；
  speech…making　and　processions；　is　never　fully　rounded　out。　This
  amounts　to　admitting　a　partial　defeat　for　the　gild　of
  businesslike　〃educators。〃　While；　as　a　matter　of　speculative
  predilection；　they　may　not　aim　to　leave　the　higher　learning　out
  of　the　university；　the　rule　of　competitive　business　principles
  consistently　pushes　their　administration　toward　that　end；　which
  they　are　continually　prevented　from　attaining；　by　the　necessary
  conditions　under　which　their　competitive　enterprise　is　carried
  on。
  For　better　or　worse；　there　are　always　and　necessarily　present
  among　the　academic　corps　a　certain　number　of　men　whose　sense　of
  the　genteel　properties　is　too　vague　and　meagre；　whose　grasp　of
  the　principles　of　official　preferment　is　too　weak　and
  inconsequential；　whose　addiction　to　the　pursuit　of　knowledge　is
  too　ingrained；　to　permit　their　conforming　wholly　to　the
  competitive　exigencies　of　the　case。　By　force　of　the　exigencies　of
  competitive　prestige　there　is；　of　course；　a　limit　of　tolerance
  that　sets　decent　bounds　both　to　the　number　of　such　supererogatory
  scholars　harboured　by　the　university；　and　the　latitude　allowed
  them　in　their　intemperate　pursuit　of　knowledge；　but　their
  presence　in　the　academic　body　is；　after　all；　neither　an
  irrelevant　accident　nor　a　transient　embarrassment。　It　is；　in　one
  sense　of　the　expression；　for　the　use　of　such　men；　and　for　the　use
  which　such　men　find　for　it；　that　the　university　exists　at　all；　in
  some　such　sense；　indeed；　as　a　government；　a　political　machine；　a
  railway　corporation　or　a　toll…road；　may　be　said　to　exist　for　the
  use　of　the　community　from　which　they　get　their　living。　It　is　true
  in　the　sense　that　this　ostensible　use　can　not　be　left　out　of
  account　in　the　long　run。　But　even　from　day　to　day　this　scholarly
  purpose　is　never　quite　lost　sight　of。　The　habit　of　counting　it
  in；　as　a　matter　of　course；　affects　all　concerned；　in　some　degree；
  and　complacent　professions　of　faith　to　that　effect　cross　one
  another　from　all　quarters。　It　may　frequently　happen　that　the
  enterprising　men　in　whom　academic　discretion　centres　will　have　no
  clear　conception　of　what　is　implied　in　this　scholarly　purpose　to
  which　they　give　a　perfunctory　matter…of…course　endorsement；　and
  much　of　their　professions　on　that　head　may　be　ad　captandum；　but
  that　it　need　be　a　matter　of　course　argues　that　it　must　be　counted
  with。
  Still；　in　the　degree　in　which　business　principles　rule　the
  case　the　outcome　will　be　of　much　the　same　complexion　as　it　might
  be　in　the　absence　of　any　such　prepossession；　intelligent　or
  otherwise；　in　favour　of　the　higher　learning　on　the　part　of　the
  directorate；　for　competition　has　the　same　effect　here　as
  elsewhere；　in　that　it　permits　none　of　the　competitors　to　forego
  any　expedient　that　has　been　found　advantageous　by　any　one　of
  them