learning；　as　well　as　the　parents　and　guardians　of　possible
  opulent　students；　it　is；　by　and　large；　necessary　to　meet　them　on
  their　own　ground；　and　to　bring　into　view　such　evidence　of　culture
  and　intelligence　as　will　readily　be　appreciated　by　them。　To　this
  end　a　large　and　well　appointed　domestic　establishment　is　more
  fortunate　than　a　smaller　one；　abundant；　well…chosen　and
  well…served　viands；　beverages　and　narcotics　will　also
  felicitously　touch　the　sensibilities　of　these　men　who　are
  fortunate　enough　to　have　learned　their　virtue；　the　better；　that
  is　to　say；　on　the　whole；　the　more　costly；　achievements　in　dress
  and　equipage　will　〃carry　farther〃　in　these　premises　than　a
  penurious　economy。　In　short；　it　is　well　that　those　who　may　be
  called　to　stand　spokesmen　for　the　seat　of　learning　in　its　contact
  with　men　and　women　of　substantial　means；　should　be　accustomed　to；
  and　should　be　pecuniarily　competent　for；　a　scale　of　living
  somewhat　above　that　which　the　ordinary　remuneration　for　academic
  work　will　support。　An　independent　income；　therefore；　is　a
  meritorious　quality　in　an　official　scholar。
  The　introduction　of　these　delegates　from　the　well…to…do　among
  the　academic　personnel　has　a　further；　secondary　effect　that　is
  worth　noting。　Their　ability　freely　to　meet　any　required　pecuniary
  strain；　coupled　with　that　degree　of　social　ambition　that　commonly
  comes　with　the　ability　to　pay；　will　have　a　salutary　effect　in
  raising　the　standard　of　living　among　the　rest　of　the　staff；
  salutary　as　seen　from　the　point　of　view　of　the　bureau　of
  publicity。　In　the　absence　of　outside　resources；　the　livelihood　of
  academic　men　is　somewhat　scant　and　precarious。　This　places　them
  under　an　insidious　temptation　to　a　more　parsimonious　manner　of
  life　than　the　best　（prestige）　interests　of　the　seat　of　learning
  would　dictate。　By　undue　saving　out　of　their　current　wages　they
  may　easily　give　the　academic　establishment　an　untoward　air　of
  indigence；　such　as　would　be　likely　to　depreciate　its　prestige　in
  those　well…to…do　circles　where　such　prestige　might　come　to　have　a
  commercial　value；　in　the　way　of　donations；　and　it　might　at　the
  same　time　deter　possible　customers　of　the　same　desirable　class
  from　sending　their　young　men　to　the　university　as　students。
  The　American　university　is　not　an　eleemosynary　institution；
  it　does　not　plead　indigence；　except　in　that　Pickwickian　sense　in
  which　indigence　may　without　shame　be　avowed　in　polite　circles；
  nor　does　it　put　its　trust　in　donations　of　that　sparseness　and
  modesty　which　the　gifts　of　charity　commonly　have。　Its　recourse
  necessarily　is　that　substantial　and　dignified　class　of　gifts　that
  are　not　given　thriftily　on　compunction　of　charity；　but　out　of　the
  fulness　of　the　purse。　These　dignified　gifts　commonly　aim　to
  promote　the　most　reputable　interests　of　humanity；　rather　than　the
  sordid　needs　of　creature　comfort；　at　the　same　time　that　they
  serve　to　fortify　the　donor'　s　good　name　in　good　company。
  Donations　to　university　funds　have　something　of　the　character　of
  an　investment　in　good　fame；　they　are　made　by　gentlemen　and
  gentlewomen；　to　gentlemen；　and　the　transactions　begin　and　end
  within　the　circle　of　pecuniary　respectability。　An　impeccable
  respectability；　authentic　in　the　pecuniary　respect；　therefore；
  affords　the　only　ground　on　which　such　a　seminary　of　learning　can
  reasonably　claim　the　sympathetic　attention　of　the　only　class
  whose　attentions　are　seriously　worth　engaging　in　these　premises；
  and　respectability　is　inseparable　from　an　expensive　scale　of
  living；　in　any　community　whose　scheme　of　life　is　conventionally
  regulated　by　pecuniary　standards。
  It　is　accordingly　expedient；　for　its　collective　good　repute；
  that　the　members　of　the　academic　staff　should　conspicuously
  consume　all　their　current　income　in　current　expenses　of　living。
  Hence　also　the　moral　obligation　incumbent　on　all　members　of　the
  staff　　and　their　households　　to　take　hands　and　help　in　an
  endless　chain　of　conspicuously　expensive　social　amenities；　where
  their　social　proficiency　and　their　ostensible　ability　to　pay　may
  effectually　be　placed　on　view。　An　effectual　furtherance　to　this
  desirable　end　is　the　active　presence　among　the　staff　of　an
  appreciable　number　who　are　ready　to　take　the　lead　at　a　pace
  slightly　above　the　competency　of　the　common　run　of　university
  men。　Their　presence　insures　that　the　general　body　will　live　up　to
  their　limit；　for　in　this；　as　in　other　games　of　emulation；　the
  pace…maker　is　invaluable。
  Besides　the　incentive　so　given　to　polite　expenditure　by　the
  presence　of　a　highly　solvent　minority　among　the　academic
  personnel；　it　has　also　been　found　expedient　that　the　directorate
  take　thought　and　institute　something　in　the　way　of　an　authentic
  curriculum　of　academic　festivities　and　exhibitions　of　social
  proficiency。　A　degree　of　expensive　gentility　is　in　this　way
  propagated　by　authority；　to　be　paid　for　in　part　out　of　the
  salaries　of　the　faculty。
  Something　in　this　way　of　ceremonial　functions　and　public
  pageants　has　long　been　included　in　the　ordinary　routine　of　the
  academic　year　among　the　higher　American　schools。　It　dates　back　to
  the　time　when　they　were　boys'　schools　under　the　tutelage　of　the
  clergy；　and　it　appears　to　have　had　a　ritualistic　origin；　such　as
  would　comport　with　what　is　found　expedient　in　the　service　of　the
  church。　By　remoter　derivation　it　should　probably　be　found　to　rest
  on　a　very　ancient　and　archaic　faith　in　the　sacramental　or　magical
  efficacy　of　ceremonial　observances。　But　the　present　state　of　the
  case　can　by　no　means　be　set　down　to　the　account　of　aimless
  survival　alone。　Instead　of　being　allowed　in　any　degree　to　fall
  into　abeyance　by　neglect；　the　range　and　magnitude　of　such
  observances　have　progressively　grown　appreciably　greater　since
  the　principles　of　competitive　business　have　come　to　rule　the
  counsels　of　the　universities。　The　growth；　in　the　number　of　such
  observances；　in　their　pecuniary　magnitude；　in　their　ritualistic
  circumstance；　and　in　the　importance　attached　to　them；　is　greater
  in　the　immediate　present　than　at　any　period　in　the　past；　and　it
  is；　significantly；　greater　in　those　larger　new　establishments
  that　have　started　out　with　few　restraints　of　tradition。　But　the
  move　so　made　by　these　younger；　freer；　more　enterprising　seats　of
  learning　falls　closely　in　with　that　spirit　of　competitive
  enterprise　that　animates　all　alike　though　unequally。　1
  That　it　does　so；　that　this　efflorescence　of　ritual　and
  pageantry　intimately　belongs　in　the　current　trend　of　things
  academic；　is　shown　by　the　visible　proclivity　of　the　older
  institutions　to　follow　the　lead　given　in　this　matter　by　the
  younger　ones；　so　far　as　the　younger　ones　have　taken　the　lead。　In
  the　mere　number　of　authorized　events；　as　contrasted　with　the
  average　of　some　twenty…five　or　thirty　years　back；　the　present
  average　appears；　on　a　somewhat　deliberate　review　of　the　available
  data；　to　compare　as　three　or　four　to　one。　For　certain　of　the
  younger　and　more　exuberant　seats　of　learning　today；　as　compared
  with　what　may　be　most　nearly　comparable　in　the　academic　situation
  of　the　eighties；　the　proportion　is　perhaps　twice　as　large　as　the
  larger　figure　named　above。　Broadly　speaking；　no　requirement　of
  the　academic　routine　should　be　allowed　to　stand　in　the　way　of　an
  available　occasion　for　a　scholastic　pageant。
  These　genteel　solemnities；　of　course；　have　a　cultural
  significance；　probably　of　a　high　order；　both　as　occasions　of
  rehearsal　in　all　matters　of　polite　conformity　and　as　a　stimulus
  to　greater　refinement　and　proficiency　in　expenditure　on　seemly
  dress　and　equipage。　They　may　also　be　believed　to　have　some
  remote；　but　presumably　salutary；　bearing　on　the　higher　learning。
  This　latter　is　an　obscure　point；　on　which　it　would　be　impossible
  at　present　to　offer　anything　better　than　abstruse　speculative
  considerations；　since　the　relation　of　these　genteel　exhibitions
  to　scientific　inquiry　or　instruction　is　of　a　peculiarly
  intangible　nature。　But　it　is　none　of　these　cultural　bearings　of
  any　such　round　of　polite　solemnities　and　stately　pageants　that
  comes　in　question　here。　It　is　their　expediency　in　point　of
  businesslike　enterprise；　or　perhaps　rather　their　businesslike
  motive；　on　the　one　hand；　and　their　effect　Upon　the　animus　and
  efficiency　of　the　academic　personnel；　on　the　other　hand。
  In　so　far　as　their　motive　should　not　（by　unseemly　imputation）
  be　set　down　to　mere　boyish　exuberance　of　make…believe；　it　must　be