be　selected　on　grounds　of　businesslike　fitness；　more　or　less
  pronounced；　while　a　working　minority　must　continue　to　be　made　up
  of　men　without　much　business　proficiency　and　without　pronounced
  loyalty　to　commercial　principles。
  This　fluctuating　margin　of　limitation　has　apparently　not　yet
  been　reached；　perhaps　not　even　in　the　most　enterprising　of　our
  universities。　Such　should　be　the　meaning　of　the　fact　that　a
  continued　commercialization　of　the　academic　staff　appears　still
  to　be　in　progress；　in　the　sense　that　businesslike　fitness　counts
  progressively　for　more　in　appointments　and　promotions。　These
  businesslike　qualifications　do　not　comprise　merely　facility　in
  the　conduct　of　pecuniary　affairs；　even　if　such　facility　be
  conceived　to　include　the　special　aptitudes　and　proficiency　that
  go　to　the　making　of　a　successful　advertiser。　In　academic　circles
  as　elsewhere　businesslike　fitness　includes　solvency　as　well　as
  commercial　genius。　Both　of　these　qualifications　are　useful　in　the
  competitive　manoeuvres　in　which　the　academic　body　is　engaged。　But
  while　the　two　are　apparently　given　increasing　weight　in　the
  selection　and　grading　of　the　academic　personnel；　the　precedents
  and　specifications　for　a　standard　rating　of　merit　in　this　bearing
  have　hitherto　not　been　worked　out　to　such　a　nicety　as　to　allow
  much　more　than　a　more　or　less　close　approach　to　a　consistent
  application　of　the　principle　in　the　average　case。　And　there　lies
  always　the　infirmity　in　the　background　of　the　system　that　if　the
  staff　were　selected　consistently　with　an　eye　single　to　business
  capacity　and　business　animus　the　university　would　presently　be
  functa　officio；　and　the　captain　of　erudition　would　find　his
  occupation　gone。
  A　university　is　an　endowed　institution　of　culture；　whether
  the　endowment　take　the　form　of　assigned　income；　as　in　the　state
  establishments；　or　of　funded　wealth；　as　with　most　other
  universities。　Such　fraction　of　the　income　as　is　assigned　to　the
  salary　roll；　and　which　therefore　comes　in　question　here；　is
  apportioned　among　the　staff　for　work　which　has　no　determinate
  market　value。　It　is　not　a　matter　of　quid　pro　quo；　since　one
  member　of　the　exchange；　the　stipend　or　salary；　is　measurable　in
  pecuniary　terms　and　the　other　is　not。　This　work　has　no　business
  value；　in　so　far　as　it　is　work　properly　included　among　the　duties
  of　the　academic　men。　Indeed；　it　is　a　fairly　safe　test；　work　that
  has　a　commercial　value　does　not　belong　in　the　university。　Such
  services　of　the　academic　staff　as　have　a　business　value　are　those
  portions　of　their　work　that　serve　other　ends　than　the　higher
  learning；　as；　e。g。；　the　prestige　and　pecuniary　gain　of　the
  institution　at　large；　the　pecuniary　advantage　of　a　given　clique
  or　faction　within　the　university；　or　the　profit　and　renown　of　the
  directive　head。　Gains　that　accrue　for　services　of　this　general
  character　are　not；　properly　speaking；　salary　or　stipend　payable
  toward　〃the　increase　and　diffusion　of　knowledge　among　men；〃　even
  if　they　are　currently　so　designated；　in　the　absence　of　suitable
  distinctions。　Instances　of　such　a　diversion　of　corporate　funds　to
  private　ends　have　in　the　past　occurred　in　certain　monastic　and
  priestly　orders；　as　well　as　in　some　modern　political
  organizations。　Organized　malversation　of　this　character　has
  latterly　been　called　〃graft。〃　The　long…term　common　sense　of　the
  community　would　presently　disavow　any　corporation　of　learning
  overtly　pursuing　such　a　course；　as　being　faithless　to　its　trust；
  and　the　conservation　of　learning　would　so　pass　into　other　hands。
  Indeed；　there　are　facts　current　which　broadly　suggest　that　the
  keeping　of　the　higher　learning　is　beginning　to　pass　into　other；
  and　presumptively　more　disinterested；　hands。
  The　permeation　of　academic　policy　by　business　principles　is　a
  matter　of　more　or　less；　not　of　absolute；　dominance。　It　appears　to
  be　a　question　of　how　wide　a　deviation　from　scholarly　singleness
  of　purpose　the　long…term　common　sense　of　the　community　will
  tolerate。　The　cult　of　the　idle　curiosity　sticks　too　deep　in　the
  instinctive　endowment　of　the　race；　and　it　has　in　modern
  civilization　been　too　thoroughly　ground　into　the　shape　of　a　quest
  of　matter…of…fact　knowledge；　to　allow　this　pursuit　to　be
  definitively　set　aside　or　to　fall　into　abeyance。　It　is　by　too
  much　an　integral　constituent　of　the　habits　of　thought　induced　by
  the　discipline　of　workday　life。　The　faith　in　and　aspiration　after
  matter…of…fact　knowledge　is　too　profoundly　ingrained　in　the
  modern　community；　and　too　consonant　with　its　workday　habit　of
  mind；　to　admit　of　its　supersession　by　any　objective　end　alien　to
  it；　　at　least　for　the　present　and　until　some　stronger　force
  than　the　technological　discipline　of　modern　life　shall　take　over
  the　primacy　among　the　factors　of　civilization；　and　so　give　us　a
  culture　of　a　different　character　from　that　which　has　brought　on
  this　modern　science　and　placed　it　at　the　centre　of　things　human。
  The　popular　approval　of　business　principles　and　businesslike
  thrift　is　profound；　disinterested；　alert　and　insistent；　but　it
  does　not；　at　least　not　yet；　go　the　length　of　unreservedly　placing
  a　businesslike　exploitation　of　office　above　a　faithful　discharge
  of　trust。　The　current　popular　animus　may　not；　in　this　matter；
  approach　that　which　animates　the　business　community；　specifically
  so…called；　but　it　is　sufficiently　〃practical〃　to　approve
  practical　sagacity　and　gainful　traffic　wherever　it　is　found；　yet
  the　furtherance　of　knowledge　is　after　all　an　ideal　which　engages
  the　modern　community's　affections　in　a　still　more　profound　way；
  and；　in　the　long　run；　with　a　still　more　unqualified　insistence。
  For　good　or　ill；　in　the　apprehension　of　the　civilized　peoples；
  matter…of…fact　knowledge　is　an　end　to　be　sought；　while　gainful
  enterprise　is；　after　all；　a　means　to　an　end。　There　is；　therefore；
  always　this　massive　hedge　of　slow　but　indefeasible　popular
  sentiment　that　stands　in　the　way　of　making　the　seats　of　learning
  over　into　something　definitively　foreign　to　the　purpose　which
  they　are　popularly　believed　to　serve。（1*）
  Perhaps　the　most　naive　way　in　which　a　predilection　for　men　of
  substantial　business　value　expresses　itself　in　university　policy
  is　the　unobtrusive；　and　in　part　unformulated；　preference　shown
  for　teachers　with　sound　pecuniary　connections；　whether　by
  inheritance　or　by　marriage。　With　no　such　uniformity　as　to　give
  evidence　of　an　advised　rule　of　precedence　or　a　standarized
  schedule　of　correlation；　but　with　sufficient　consistency　to
  merit；　and　indeed　to　claim；　the　thoughtful　attention　of　the
  members　of　the　craft；　a　scholar　who　is　in　a　position　to　plead
  personal　wealth　or　a　wealthy　connection　has　a　perceptibly　better
  chance　of　appointment　on　the　academic　staff；　and　on　a　more
  advantageous　scale　of　remuneration；　than　men　without　pecuniary
  antecedents。　Due　preferment　also　appears　to　follow　more　as　a
  matter　of　course　where　the　candidate　has　or　acquires　a　tangible
  standing　of　this　nature。
  This　preference　for　well…to…do　scholars　need　by　no　means　be
  an　altogether　blind　or　impulsive　predilection　for　commercial
  solvency　on　the　part　of　the　appointing　power；　though　such　a
  predilection　is　no　doubt　ordinarily　present　and　operative　in　a
  degree。　But　there　is　substantial　ground　for　a　wise　discrimination
  in　this　respect。　As　a　measure　of　expediency；　particularly　the
  expediency　of　publicity；　it　is　desirable　that　the　incumbents　of
  the　higher　stations　on　the　staff　should　be　able　to　live　on　such　a
  scale　of　conspicuous　expensiveness　as　to　make　a　favourable
  impression　on　those　men　of　pecuniary　refinement　and　expensive
  tastes　with　whom　they　are　designed　to　come　in　contact。　The
  university　should　be　worthily　represented　in　its　personnel；
  particularly　in　such　of　its　personnel　as　occupy　a　conspicuous
  place　in　the　academic　hierarchy；　that　is　to　say；　it　should　be
  represented　with　becoming　expensiveness　in　all　its　social　contact
  with　those　classes　from　whose　munificence　large　donations　may
  flow　into　the　corporate　funds。　Large　gifts　of　this　kind　are
  creditable　both　to　him　that　gives　and　him　that　takes；　and　it　is
  the　part　of　wise　foresight　so　to　arrange　that　those　to　whom　it
  falls　to　represent　the　university；　as　potential　beneficiary；　at
  this　juncture　should　do　so　with　propitiously　creditable
  circumstance。　To　meet　and　convince　the　opulent　patrons　of
  learning；　as　well　as　the　parents　and　guardians　of　possible
  opulent　students；　it　is；　by　and　la