scatteringly　among　the　members　of　the　staff；　with　a　relatively
  large　assignment　of　hours　to　each　man；　so　as　to　admit　no　assured
  and　persistent　concentration　on　any　point；　the　run　of　instruction
  offered　will　necessarily　be　of　this　perfunctory　character；　and
  will　therefore　be　of　such　amateurish　and　pedantic　quality。　Such
  an　outcome　is　by　no　means　unusual　where　regard　is　had　primarily
  to　covering　a　given　inclusive　range　of　subjects；　rather　than　to
  the　special　aptitudes　of　the　departmental　corps；　as　indeed
  commonly　happens；　and　as　happens　particularly　where　the　school　or
  the　department　in　question　is　sufficiently　imbued　with　a
  businesslike　spirit　of　academic　rivalry。　It　follows　necessarily
  and　in　due　measure　on　the　introduction　of　the　principles；
  methods；　and　tests　of　competitive　business　into　the　work　of
  instruction。（6*）
  Under　these　principles　of　accountancy　and　hierarchical
  control；　each　of　the　several　bureaux　of　erudition　　commonly
  called　departments　　is　a　competitor　with　all　its　fellow　bureaux
  in　the　（thrifty）　apportionment　of　funds　and　equipment；　　for　the
  businesslike　university　management　habitually　harbours　a　larger
  number　of　departments　than　its　disposable　means　will　adequately
  provide　for。　So　also　each　department　competes　with　its　fellow
  departments；　as　well　as　with　similar　departments　in　rival
  universities；　for　a　clientele　in　the　way　of　student
  registrations。　These　two　lines　of　competition　are　closely
  interdependent。　An　adverse　statistical　showing　in　the　number　of
  students；　or　in　the　range；　variety　and　volume　of　courses　of
  instruction　offered　by　any　given　department；　is　rated　by　the
  businesslike　general　directorate　as　a　shortcoming；　and　it　is
  there　fore　likely　to　bring　a　reduction　of　allowances。　At　the　same
  time；　of　course；　such　an　adverse　showing　reflects　discredit　on
  the　chief　of　bureau；　while　it　also　wounds　his　self…respect。　The
  final　test　of　competency　in　such　a　chief；　under　business
  principles；　is　the　statistical　test；　in　part　because　numerical
  tests　have　a　seductive　air　of　businesslike　accountancy；　and　also
  because　statistical　exhibits　have　a　ready　use　as　advertising
  material　to　be　employed　in　appeals　to　the　potential　donors　and
  the　unlearned　patrons　of　the　university；　as　well　as　to　the　public
  at　large。
  So　the　chief　of　bureau；　with　the　aid　and　concurrence　of　his
  loyal　staff；　will　aim　to　offer　as　extensive　and　varied　a　range　of
  instruction　as　the　field　assigned　his　department　will　admit。　Out
  of　this　competitive　aggrandizement　of　departments　there　may　even
  arise　a　diplomatic　contention　between　heads　of　departments；　as　to
  the　precise　frontiers　between　their　respective　domains；　each
  being　ambitious　to　magnify　his　office　and　acquire　merit　by
  including　much　of　the　field　and　many　of　the　students　under　his
  own　dominion。（7*）　Such　a　conflict　of　jurisdiction　is　particularly
  apt　to　arise　in　case；　as　may　happen；　the　number　of　scholastic
  departments　exceeds　the　number　of　patently　distinguishable
  provinces　of　knowledge；　and　competitive　business　principles
  constantly　afford　provocation　to　such　a　discrepancy；　at　the　hands
  of　an　executive　pushed　by　the　need　of　a　show　of　magnitude　and
  large　traffic。　It　follows；　further；　from　these　circumstances；
  that　wherever　contiguous　academic　departments　are　occupied　with
  such　closely　related　subject　matter　as　would　place　them　in　a
  position　to　supplement　one　another's　work；　the　negotiations
  involved　in　jealously　guarding　their　respective　frontiers　may
  even　take　on　an　acrimonious　tone；　and　may　involve　more　or　less　of
  diplomatic　mischief…making；　so　that；　under　this　rule　of
  competitive　management；　opportunities　for　mutual　comfort　and　aid
  will　not　infrequently　become　occasion　for　mutual　distrust　and
  hindrance。
  The　broader　the　province　and　the　more　exuberant　the　range　of
  instruction　appropriated　to　a　given　department　and　its　corps　of
  teachers；　the　more　creditable　will　be　the　statistical　showing；
  and　the　more　meagre　and　threadbare　are　likely　to　be　the
  scientific　results。　The　corps　of　instructors　will　be　the　more
  consistently　organized　and　controlled　with　a　view　to　their
  dispensing　accumulated　knowledge；　rather　than　to　pursue　further
  inquiry　in　the　direction　of　their　scholarly　inclination　or
  capacity；　and　frequently；　indeed；　to　dispense　a　larger　volume　and
  a　wider　range　of　knowledge　than　they　are　in　any　intimate　sense
  possessed　of。
  It　is　by　no　means　that　no　regard　is　had　to　the　special
  tastes；　aptitudes；　and　attainments　of　the　members　of　the　staff；
  in　so　apportioning　the　work；　these　things　are；　commonly；　given
  such　consideration　as　the　exigencies　of　academic　competition　will
  permit；　but　these　exigencies　decide　that　the　criterion　of　special
  fitness　becomes　a　secondary　consideration。　Wherever　the
  businesslike　demands　of　a　rounded　and　extensive　schedule　of
  courses　traverse　the　lines　of　special　aptitude　and　training；　the
  requirements　of　the　schedule　must　rule　the　case；　whereas；　of
  course；　the　interests　of　science　and　scholarship；　and　of　the　best
  efficiency　in　the　instruction　given；　would　decide　that　no　demands
  of　the　schedule　be　allowed　to　interfere　with　each　man's　doing　the
  work　which　he　can　do　best；　and　nothing　else。
  A　schedule　of　instruction　drawn　on　such　lines　of　efficiency
  would　avoid　duplication　of　course；　and　would　curtail　the　number
  of　courses　offered　by　any　given　department　to　such　a　modicum　as
  the　special　fitness　of　the　members　of　the　staff　would　allow　them
  to　carry　to　the　best　effect。　It　would　also　proceed　on　the　obvious
  assumption　that　co…ordinate　departments　in　the　several
  universities　should　supplement　one　another's　work；　　an
  assumption　obvious　to　the　meanest　academic　common　sense。　But
  amicable　working　arrangements　of　this　kind　between　departments　of
  different　universities；　or　between　the　several　universities　as　a
  whole；　are　of　course　virtually　barred　out　under　the　current
  policy　of　competitive　duplication。　It　is　out　of　the　question；　in
  the　same　manner　and　degree　as　the　like　co…operation　between　rival
  department　stores　is　out　of　the　question。　Yet　so　urgently　right
  and　good　is　such　a　policy　of　mutual　supplement　and　support；
  except　as　a　business　proposition；　that　some　exchange　of　academic
  civilities　paraded　under　its　cloak　is　constantly　offered　to　view
  in　the　manoeuvres　of　the　competing　captains　of　erudition。　The
  well…published　and　nugatory（8*）　periodic　conferences　of
  presidents　commonly　have　such　an　ostensible　purpose。
  Competitive　enterprise；　reinforced　with　a　sentimental
  penchant　for　large　figures；　demands　a　full　schedule　of
  instruction。　But　to　carry　such　a　schedule　and　do　the　work　well
  would　require　a　larger　staff　of　instructors　in　each　department；
  and　a　larger　allowance　of　funds　and　equipment；　than　business
  principles　will　countenance。　There　is　always　a　dearth　of　funds；
  and　there　is　always　urgent　use　for　more　than　can　be　had；　for　the
  enterprising　directorate　is　always　eager　to　expand　and　project
  the　business　of　the　concern　into　new　provinces　of　school
  work；secondary；　primary；　elementary；　normal；　professional；
  technical；　manual…training；　art　schools；　schools　of　music；
  elocution；　book…keeping；　housekeeping；　and　a　further　variety　that
  will　more　readily　occur　to　those　who　have　been　occupied　with
  devising　ways　and　means　of　extending　the　competitive　traffic　of
  the　university。　Into　these　divers　and　sundry　channels　of　sand　the
  pressure　of　competitive　expansion　is　continually　pushing
  additional　half…equipped；　under…fed　and　over…worked　ramifications
  of　the　academic　body。　And　then；　too；　sane　competitive　business
  practice　insists　on　economy　of　cost　as　well　as　a　large　output　of
  goods。　It　is　〃bad　business〃　to　offer　a　better　grade　of　goods　than
  the　market　demands；　particularly　to　customers　who　do　not　know　the
  difference；　or　to　turn　out　goods　at　a　higher　cost　than　other
  competing　concerns。　So　business　exigencies；　those　exigencies　of
  economy　to　which　the　businesslike　governing　boards　are　very　much
  alive；　preclude　any　department　confining　itself　to　the　work　which
  it　can　do　best；　and　at　the　same　stroke　they　preclude　the
  authorities　from　dealing　with　any　department　according　to　such　a
  measure　of　liberality　as　would　enable　it　to　carry　on　the　required
  volume　of　work　in　a　competent　manner。
  In　the　businesslike　view　of　the　captains　of　erudition；　taken
  from　the　standpoint　of　the　counting…house；　learning　and
  university　instruction　are　a　species　of　skilled　l