long　run。　The　need　of　a　businesslike　showing　is　instant　and
  imperative；　particularly　in　a　business　era　of　large　turnover　and
  quick　returns；　and　to　meet　this　need　the　uneventful　scholastic
  life　that　counts　toward　the　higher　learning　in　the　long　run　is　of
  little　use；　so　it　can　wait；　and　it　readily　becomes　a　habit　with
  the　busy　executive　to　let　it　wait。
  It　should　be　kept　in　mind　also　that　the　incumbent　of
  executive　office　is　presumably　a　man　of　businesslike
  qualifications；　rather　than　of　scholarly　insight；　　the　method
  of　selecting　the　executive　heads　under　the　present　r間ime　makes
  that　nearly　a　matter　of　course。　As　such　he　will　in　his　own　right
  more　readily　appreciate　those　results　of　his　own　management　that
  show　up　with　something　of　the　glare　of　publicity；　as　contrasted
  with　the　slow…moving　and　often　obscure　working　of　inquiry　that
  lies　（commonly）　somewhat　beyond　his　intellectual　horizon。　So　that
  with　slight　misgivings；　if　any；　he　takes　to　the　methods　of
  organization　and　control　that　have　commended　themselves　in　that
  current　business　enterprise　to　which　it　is　his　ambition　to
  assimilate　the　corporation　of　learning。
  These　precedents　of　business　practice　that　are　to　afford
  guidance　to　the　captain　of　erudition　are；　of　course；　the
  precedents　of　competitive　business。　It　is　one　of　the　unwritten；
  and　commonly　unspoken；　commonplaces　lying　at　the　root　of　modern
  academic　policy　that　the　various　universities　are　competitors　for
  the　traffic　in　merchantable　instruction；　in　much　the　same　fashion
  as　rival　establishments　in　the　retail　trade　compete　for　custom。
  Indeed；　the　modern　department　store　offers　a　felicitous　analogy；
  that　has　already　been　found　serviceable　in　illustration　of　the
  American　university's　position　in　this　respect；　by　those　who
  speak　for　the　present　r間ime　as　well　as　by　its　critics。　The　fact
  that　the　universities　are　assumed　to　be　irreconcilable
  competitors；　both　in　the　popular　apprehension　and　as　evidenced　by
  the　manoeuvres　of　their　several　directors；　is　too　notorious　to　be
  denied　by　any　but　the　interested　parties。　Now　and　again　it　is
  formally　denied　by　one　and　another　among　the　competing　captains
  of　erudition；　but　the　reason　for　such　denial　is　the　need　of
  it。（3*）
  Now；　the　duties　of　the　executive　head　of　a　competitive
  business　concern　are　of　a　strategic　nature；　the　object　of　his
  management　being　to　get　the　better　of　rival　concerns　and　to
  engross　the　trade。　To　this　end　it　is　indispensable　that　he　should
  be　a　〃strong　man〃　and　should　have　a　free　hand；　　though　perhaps
  under　the　general　and　tolerant　surveillance　of　his　board　of
  directors。　Any　wise　board　of　directors；　and　in　the　degree　in
  which　they　are　endowed　with　the　requisite　wisdom；　will　be　careful
  to　give　their　general　manager　full　discretion；　and　not　to　hamper
  him　with　too　close　an　accounting　of　the　details　of　his
  administration；　so　long　as　he　shows　gratifying　results。　He　must
  be　a　strong　man；　that　is　to　say；　a　capable　man　of　affairs；
  tenacious　and　resourceful　in　turning　the　means　at　hand　to　account
  for　this　purpose；　and　easily　content　to　let　the　end　justify　the
  means。　He　must　be　a　man　of　scrupulous　integrity；　so　far　as　may
  conduce　to　his　success；　but　with　a　shrewd　eye　to　the　limits
  within　which　honesty　is　the　best　policy；　for　the　purpose　in　hand。
  He　must　have　full　command　of　the　means　entrusted　to　him　and　full
  control　of　the　force　of　employees　and　subordinates　who　are　to
  work　under　his　direction；　and　he　must　be　able　to　rely　on　the
  instant　and　unwavering　loyalty　of　his　staff　in　any　line　of　policy
  on　which　he　may　decide　to　enter。　He　must　therefore　have　free
  power　to　appoint　and　dismiss；　and　to　reward　and　punish；　limited
  only　by　the　formal　ratification　of　his　decisions　by　the　board　of
  directors　who　will　be　careful　not　to　interfere　or　inquire　unduly
  in　these　matters；　　so　long　as　their　strong　man　shows　results。
  The　details　and　objective　of　his　strategy　need　not　be　known
  to　the　members　of　the　staff；　indeed；　all　that　does　not　concern
  them　except　in　the　most　general　way。　They　are　his　creatures；　and
  are　responsible　only　to　him　and　only　for　the　due　performance　of
  the　tasks　assigned　them；　and　they　need　know　only　so　much　as　will
  enable　them　to　give　ready　and　intelligent　support　to　the　moves
  made　by　their　chief　from　day　to　day。　The　members　of　the　staff　are
  his　employees；　and　their　first　duty　is　a　loyal　obedience；　and　for
  the　competitive　good　of　the　concern　they　must　utter　no　expression
  of　criticism　or　unfavourable　comment　on　the　policy；　actions　or
  personal　characteristics　of　their　chief；　so　long　as　they　are　in
  his　employ。　They　have　eaten　his　bread；　and　it　is　for　them　to　do
  his　bidding。
  Such　is　the　object…lesson　afforded　by　business　practice　as　it
  bears　on　the　duties　incumbent　on　the　academic　head　and　on　the
  powers　of　office　delegated　to　him。　It　is　needless　to　remark　on
  what　is　a　fact　of　common　notoriety；　that　this　rule　drawn　from　the
  conduct　of　competitive　business　is　commonly　applied　without
  substantial　abatement　in　the　conduct　of　academic　affairs。（4*）
  Under　this　rule　the　academic　staff　becomes　a　body　of　graded
  subalterns；　who　share　confidence　of　the　chief　in　varying　degrees；
  but　who　no　decisive　voice　in　the　policy　or　the　conduct　of　affairs
  of　the　concern　in　whose　pay　they　are　held。　The　faculty　is
  conceived　as　a　body　of　employees；　hired　to　render　certain
  services　and　turn　out　certain　scheduled　vendible　results。
  The　chief　may　take　advice；　and；　as　is　commonly　the　practice
  in　analogous　circumstances　in　commercial　business；　he　will　be
  likely　to　draw　about　him　from　among　the　faculty　a　conveniently
  small　number　of　advisers　who　are　in　sympathy　with　his　own
  ambitions；　and　who　will　in　this　way　form　an　unofficial　council；
  or　cabinet；　or　〃junta；〃　to　whom　he　can　turn　for　informal；
  anonymous　and　irresponsible；　advice　and　moral　support　at　any
  juncture。　He　will　also；　in　compliance　with　charter　stipulations
  and　parliamentary　usage；　have　certain　officially　recognized
  advisers；　　the　various　deans；　advisory　committees；　Academic
  Council；　University　Senate；　and　the　like；　　with　whom　he　shares
  responsibility；　particularly　for　measures　of　doubtful　popularity；
  and　whose　advice　he　formally　takes　coram　publico；　but　he　can　not
  well　share　discretion　with　these；　except　on　administrative
  matters　of　inconsequential　detail。　For　reasons　of　practical
  efficiency；　discretion　must　be　undivided　in　any　competitive
  enterprise。　There　is　much　fine…spun　strategy　to　be　taken　care　of
  under　cover　of　night　and　cloud。
  But　the　academic　tradition；　which　still　drags　on　the　hands　of
  the　captains　of　erudition；　has　not　left　the　ground　prepared　for
  such　a　clean…cut　businesslike　organization　and　such　a　campaign　of
  competitive　strategy。　By　tradition　the　faculty　is　the　keeper　of
  the　academic　interests　of　the　university　and　makes　up　a　body　of
  loosely…bound　noncompetitive　co…partners；　with　no　view　to
  strategic　team　play　and　no　collective　ulterior　ambition；　least　of
  all　with　a　view　to　engrossing　the　trade。　By　tradition；　and　indeed
  commonly　by　explicit　proviso；　the　conduct　of　the　university's
  academic　affairs　vests　formally　in　the　president；　with　the　advice
  and　consent　of　the　faculty；　or　of　the　general　body　of　senior
  members　of　the　faculty。　In　due　observance　of　these　traditions；
  and　of　the　scholastic　purposes　notoriously　underlying　all
  university　life；　certain　forms　of　disinterested　zeal　must　be
  adhered　to　in　all　official　pronouncements　of　the　executive；　as
  well　as　certain　punctilios　of　conference　and　advisement　between
  the　directive　head　and　the　academic　staff。
  All　of　which　makes　the　work　of　the　executive　head　less　easy
  and　ingenuous　than　it　might　be。　The　substantial　demands　of　his
  position　as　chief　of　a　competitive　business　are　somewhat　widely
  out　of　touch　with　these　forms　of　divided　responsibility　that　must
  （formally）　be　observed　in　administering　his　duties；　and　equally
  out　of　touch　with　the　formal　professions　of　disinterested　zeal
  for　the　cause　of　learning　that　he　is　by　tradition　required　to
  make　from　time　to　time。　All　that　may　reasonably　be　counted　on
  under　these　trying　circumstances　is　that　he　should　do　the　best　he
  can；　　to　save　the　formalities　and　secure　the　substance。　To
  compass　these　difficult　incongruities；　he　will；　as　already
  remarked　above；　necessarily　gather　about　him；　within　the　general
  body　of　the　academic　personnel；　a　corps　of　trusted　advisors　and
  agents；　whose