be　said　as　regards　the　suggestion　that　there　may　have　been　an
  interested　collusion　between　the　academic　head　and　the　active
  members　of　the　board。　These　were　〃all　honourable　men；〃　of　great
  repute　in　the　community　and　well　known　as　sagacious　and
  successful　men　in　their　private　business　ventures。
  2。　Cf。　The　Instinct　of　Workmanship；　ch。　vii；　pp。　343…352。
  3。　A　subsidiary　reason　of　some　weight　should　not　be　overlooked　in
  seeking　the　cause　of　this　secularization　of　the　boards；　and　of
  the　peculiar　colour　which　the　secularization　has　given　them。　In
  any　community　where　wealth　and　business　enterprise　are　held　in
  such　high　esteem；　men　of　wealth　and　of　affairs　are　not　only
  deferred　to；　but　their　countenance　is　sought　from　one　motive　and
  another。　At　the　same　time　election　to　one　of　these　boards　has
  come　to　have　a　high　value　as　an　honourable　distinction。　Such
  election　or　appointment　therefore　is　often　sought　from　motives　of
  vanity；　and　it　is　at　the　same　time　a　convenient　means　of
  conciliating　the　good　will　of　the　wealthy　incumbent。
  It　may　be　added　that　now　and　again　the　discretionary　control
  of　large　funds　which　so　falls　to　the　members　of　the　board　may
  come　to　be　pecuniarily　profitable　to　them；　so　that　the　office　may
  come　to　be　attractive　as　a　business　proposition　as　well　as　in
  point　of　prestige。　Instances　of　the　kind　are　not　wholly　unknown；
  though　presumably　exceptional。
  4。　Cf。；　e。　g。。　R。　T。　Crane。　The　Futility　of　All　Kinds　of　Higher
  Schooling；　especially　part　I；　ch。　iv。
  5。　Cf。　R。T。　Crane；　as　above；　especially　part　I；　ch。　ii。　iii；　and
  vi。　Cf。　also　H。P。　Judson；　The　Higher　Education　as　a　Training　for
  Business；　where　the　case　is　argued　in　a　typically　commonplace　and
  matter…of…fact　spirit；　but　where　〃The　Higher　Education〃　is　taken
  to　mean　the　undergraduate　curriculum　simply；　also　〃A　Symposium　on
  the　value　of　humanistic；　particularly　classical；　studies　as　a
  training　for　men　of　affairs；〃　Proceedings　of　the　Classical
  Conference　at　Ann　Arbor；　Michigan；　April　3；　1909。
  6。　Cf。　Bacon；　Essays　　〃Of　Cunning〃；　and　〃Of　Wisdom　for　a　Man's
  Self。〃
  7。　Cf。　ch。　viii；　especially　pp。　242…269。
  CHAPTER　III
  The　Academic　Administration　and　Policy
  Men　dilate　on　the　high　necessity　of　a　businesslike
  organization　and　control　of　the　university；　its　equipment；
  personnel　and　routine。　What　is　had　in　mind　in　this　insistence　on
  an　efficient　system　is　that　these　corporations　of　learning　shall
  set　their　affairs　in　order　after　the　pattern　of　a　well…conducted
  business　concern。　In　this　view　the　university　is　conceived　as　a
  business　house　dealing　in　merchantable　knowledge；　placed　under
  the　governing　hand　of　a　captain　of　erudition；　whose　office　it　is
  to　turn　the　means　in　hand　to　account　in　the　largest　feasible
  output。　It　is　a　corporation　with　large　funds；　and　for　men　biased
  by　their　workday　training　in　business　affairs　it　comes　as　a
  matter　of　course　to　rate　the　university　in　terms　of　investment
  and　turnover。　Hence　the　insistence　on　business　capacity　in　the
  executive　heads　of　the　universities；　and　hence　also　the　extensive
  range　of　businesslike　duties　and　powers　that　devolve　on　them。
  Yet　when　all　these　sophistications　of　practical　wisdom　are
  duly　allowed　for；　the　fact　remains　that　the　university　is；　in
  usage；　precedent；　and　common　sense　preconception；　an
  establishment　for　the　conservation　and　advancement　of　the　higher
  learning；　devoted　to　a　disinterested　pursuit　of　knowledge。　As
  such；　it　consists　of　a　body　of　scholars　and　scientists；　each　and
  several　of　whom　necessarily　goes　to　his　work　on　his　own
  initiative　and　pursues　it　in　his　own　way。　This　work　necessarily
  follows　an　orderly　sequence　and　procedure；　and　so　takes　on　a
  systematic　form；　of　an　organic　kind。　But　the　system　and　order
  that　so　govern　the　work；　and　that　come　into　view　in　its　procedure
  and　results；　are　the　logical　system　and　order　of　intellectual
  enterprise；　not　the　mechanical　or　statistical　systematization
  that　goes　into　effect　in　the　management　of　an　industrial　plant　or
  the　financiering　of　a　business　corporation。
  Those　items　of　human　intelligence　and　initiative　that　go　to
  make　up　the　pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　that　are　embodied　in
  systematic　form　in　its　conclusions；　do　not　lend　themselves　to
  quantitative　statement；　and　can　not　be　made　to　appear　on　a
  balance…sheet。　Neither　can　that　intellectual　initiative　and
  proclivity　that　goes　in　as　the　indispensable　motive　force　in　the
  pursuit　of　learning　be　reduced　to　any　known　terms　of
  subordination；　obedience；　or　authoritative　direction。　No　scholar
  or　scientist　can　become　an　employee　in　respect　of　his　scholarly
  or　scientific　work。　Mechanical　systematization　and　authoritative
  control　can　in　these　premises　not　reach　beyond　the　material
  circumstances　that　condition　the　work　in　hand；　nor　can　it　in
  these　external　matters　with　good　effect　go　farther　than　is
  necessary　to　supply　the　material　ways　and　means　requisite　to　the
  work；　and　to　adapt　them　to　the　peculiar　needs　of　any　given　line
  of　inquiry　or　group　of　scholars。　In　order　to　their　best
  efficiency；　and　indeed　in　the　degree　in　which　efficiency　in　this
  field　of　activity　is　to　be　attained　at　all；　the　executive
  officers　of　the　university　must　stand　in　the　relation　of
  assistants　serving　the　needs　and　catering　to　the　idiosyncrasies
  of　the　body　of　scholars　and　scientists　that　make　up　the
  university；（1*）　in　the　degree　in　which　the　converse　relation　is
  allowed　to　take　effect；　the　unavoidable　consequence　is　wasteful
  defeat。　A　free　hand　is　the　first　and　abiding　requisite　of
  scholarly　and　scientific　work。
  Now；　in　accepting　office　as　executive　head　of　a　university；
  the　incumbent　necessarily　accepts　all　the　conditions　that　attach
  to　the　administration　of　his　office；　whether　by　usage　and　common
  sense　expectation；　by　express　arrangement；　or　by　patent
  understanding　with　the　board　to　which　he　owes　his　elevation　to
  this　post　of　dignity　and　command。　By　usage　and　precedent　it　is
  incumbent　on　him　to　govern　the　academic　personnel　and　equipment
  with　an　eye　single　to　the　pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　so　to　conduct
  its　affairs　as　will　most　effectually　compass　that　end。　That　is　to
  say　he　must　so　administer　his　office　as　best　to　serve　the
  scholarly　needs　of　the　academic　staff；　due　regard　being
  scrupulously　had　to　the　idiosyncrasies；　and　even　to　the　vagaries；
  of　the　men　whose　work　he　is　called　on　to　further。　But　by　patent
  understanding；　if　not　by　explicit　stipulation；　from　the　side　of
  the　governing　board；　fortified　by　the　preconceptions　of　the　laity
  at　large　to　the　same　effect；　he　is　held　to　such　a　conspicuously
  efficient　employment　of　the　means　in　hand　as　will　gratify　those
  who　look　for　a　voluminous　turnover。　To　this　end　he　must　keep　the
  academic　administration　and　its　activity　constantly　in　the　public
  eye；　with　such　〃pomp　and　circumstance〃　of　untiring　urgency　and
  expedition　as　will　carry　the　conviction　abroad　that　the
  university　under　his　management　is　a　highly　successful　going
  concern；　and　he　must　be　able　to　show　by　itemized　accounts　that
  the　volume　of　output　is　such　as　to　warrant　the　investment。　So　the
  equipment　and　personnel　must　be　organized　into　a　facile　and
  orderly　working　force；　held　under　the　directive　control　of　the
  captain　of　erudition　at　every　point；　and　so　articulated　and
  standardized　that　its　rate　of　speed　and　the　volume　of　its　current
  output　can　be　exhibited　to　full　statistical　effect　as　it　runs。
  The　university　is　to　make　good　both　as　a　corporation　of
  learning　and　as　a　business　concern　dealing　in　standardized
  erudition；　and　the　executive　head　necessarily　assumes　the
  responsibility　of　making　it　count　wholly　and　unreservedly　in　each
  of　these　divergent；　if　not　incompatible　lines。（2*）　Humanly
  speaking；　it　follows　by　necessary　consequence　that　he　will　first
  and　always　take　care　of　those　duties　that　are　most　jealously
  insisted　on　by　the　powers　to　whom　he　is　accountable；　and　the　due
  performance　of　which　will　at　the　same　time　yield　some
  sufficiently　tangible　evidence　of　his　efficiency。　That　other；
  more　recondite　side　of　the　university's　work　that　has
  substantially　to　do　with　the　higher　learning　is　not　readily　set
  out　in　the　form　of　statistical　exhibits；　at　the　best；　and　can
  ordinarily　come　to　appraisal　and　popular　appreciation　only　in　the
  long　run。　The　need　of　a　businesslike　showing　is　instant　and
  imperative；　particularly　in　a　business　e