to　the　clergy　and　their　opinions；　for　the　churchmen　were　then；　in
  the　popular　apprehension；　proficient　in　all　those　matters　that
  were　of　most　substantial　interest　to　the　common　man　of　that　time。
  Indeed；　the　salvation　of　men's　souls　was　then　a　matter　of　as
  grave　and　untiring　solicitude　as　their　commercial　solvency　has
  now　become。　And　the　trained　efficiency　of　the　successful
  clergyman　of　that　time　for　the　conduct　of　spiritual　and
  ecclesiastical　affairs　lent　him　a　prestige　with　his　fellow　men
  such　as　to　give　his　opinions；　decisions　and　preconceptions　great
  and　unquestioned　weight　in　temporal　matters　as　well；　he　was　then
  accepted　as　the　type　of　wise；　sane　and　benevolent　humanity；　in
  his　own　esteem　as　well　as　in　the　esteem　of　his　fellows。　In　like
  manner　also；　in　other　times　and　under　other　cultural　conditions
  the　fighting…man　has　held　the　first　place　in　men's　esteem　and　has
  been　deferred　to　in　matters　that　concerned　his　trade　and　in
  matters　that　did　not。
  Now；　in　that　hard　and　fast　body　of　aphoristic　wisdom　that
  commands　the　faith　of　the　business　community　there　is　comprised
  the　conviction　that　learning　is　of　no　use　in　business。　This
  conviction　is；　further；　backed　up　and　coloured　with　the　tenet；
  held　somewhat　doubtfully；　but　also；　and　therefore；　somewhat
  doggedly；　by　the　common　run　of　businessmen；　that　what　is　of　no
  use　in　business　is　not　worth　while。　More　than　one　of　the　greater
  businessmen　have　spoken；　advisedly　and　with　emphasis；　to　the
  effect　that　the　higher　learning　is　rather　a　hindrance　than　a　help
  to　any　aspirant　for　business　success；（4*）　more　particularly　to
  any　man　whose　lot　is　cast　in　the　field　of　business　enterprise　of
  a　middling　scale　and　commonplace　circumstances。　And　notoriously；
  the　like　view　of　the　matter　prevails　throughout　the　business
  community　at　large。　What　these　men　are　likely　to　have　in　mind　in
  passing　this　verdict；　as　shown　by　various　expressions　on　this
  head；　is　not　so　much　the　higher　learning　in　the　proper　sense；　but
  rather　that　slight　preliminary　modicum　that　is　to　be　found
  embodied　in　the　curriculum　of　the　colleges；　　for　the　common　run
  of　businessmen　are　not　sufficiently　conversant　with　these　matters
  to　know　the　difference；　or　that　there　is　a　difference；　between
  the　college　and　the　university。　They　are　busy　with　other　things。
  It　is　true；　men　whose　construction　of　the　facts　is　coloured
  by　their　wish　to　commend　the　schools　to　the　good　will　of　the
  business　community　profess　to　find　ground　for　the　belief　that
  university　training；　or　rather　the　training　of　the　undergraduate
  school；　gives　added　fitness　for　a　business　career；　particularly
  for　the　larger　business　enterprise。　But　they　commonly　speak
  apologetically　and　offer　extenuating　considerations；　such　as
  virtually　to　concede　the　case；　at　the　same　time　that　they　are
  very　prone　to　evade　the　issue　by　dwelling　on　accessory　and
  subsidiary　considerations　that　do　not　substantially　touch　the
  question　of　trained　capacity　for　the　conduct　of　business
  affairs。（5*）　The　apologists　commonly　shift　from　the　undebatable
  ground　of　the　higher　learning　as　related　to　business　success；　to
  the　more　defensible　ground　of　the　undergraduate　curriculum；
  considered　as　introductory　to　those　social　amenities　that　devolve
  on　the　successful　man　of　business；　and　in　so　far　as　they　confine
  themselves　to　the　topic　of　education　and　business　they　commonly
  spend　their　efforts　in　arguing　for　the　business　utility　of　the
  training　afforded　by　the　professional　and　technical　schools；
  included　within　the　university　corporation　or　otherwise。　There　is
  ground　for　their　contention　in　so　far　as　〃university　training〃　is
  （by　subreption）　taken　to　mean　training　in　those　〃practical〃
  branches　of　knowledge　（Law；　Politics；　Accountancy；　etc。）　that
  have　a　place　within　the　university　precincts　only　by　force　of　a
  non…sequitur。　And　the　spokesmen　for　these　views　are　commonly
  also；　and　significantly；　eager　to　make　good　their　contention　by
  advocating　the　introduction　of　an　increased　proportion　of　these
  〃practical〃　subjects　into　the　schedule　of　instruction。
  The　facts　are　notorious　and　leave　little　room　for　cavil　on
  the　merits　of　the　case。　Particularly　is　the　award　of　the　facts
  unequivocal　in　America；　　the　native　ground　of　the　self…made
  businessman；　and　at　the　same　time　the　most　admirably
  thorough…paced　business　community　extant。　The　American　business
  community　is　well　enough　as　it　is；　without　the　higher　learning；
  and　it　is　fully　sensible　that　the　higher　learning　is　not　a
  business　proposition。
  But　a　good　rule　works　both　ways。　If　scholarly　and　scientific
  training；　such　as　may　without　shame　be　included　under　the　caption
  of　the　higher　learning；　unfits　men　for　business　efficiency；　then
  the　training　that　comes　of　experience　in　business　must　also　be
  held　to　unfit　men　for　scholarly　and　scientific　pursuits；　and　even
  more　pronouncedly　for　the　surveillance　of　such　pursuits。　The
  circumstantial　evidence　for　the　latter　proposition　is　neither
  less　abundant　nor　less　unequivocal　than　for　the　former。　If　the
  higher　learning　is　incompatible　with　business　shrewdness；
  business　enterprise　is；　by　the　same　token；　incompatible　with　the
  spirit　of　the　higher　learning。　Indeed；　within　the　ordinary　range
  of　lawful　occupations　these　two　lines　of　endeavour；　and　the
  animus　that　belongs　to　each；　are　as　widely　out　of　touch　as　may
  be。　They　are　the　two　extreme　terms　of　the　modern　cultural　scheme；
  although　at　the　same　time　each　is　intrinsic　and　indispensable　to
  the　scheme　of　modern　civilization　as　it　runs。　With　the　excision
  or　serious　crippling　of　either；　Western　Civilization　would　suffer
  a　dislocation　amounting　to　a　revolutionary　change。
  On　the　other　hand；　the　higher　learning　and　the　spirit　of
  scientific　inquiry　have　much　in　common　with　modern　industry　and
  its　technological　discipline。　More　particularly　is　there　a　close
  bond　of　sympathy　and　relationship　between　the　spirit　of
  scientific　inquiry　and　the　habit　of　mind　enforced　by　the
  mechanical　industries　of　the　modern　kind。　In　both　of　these　lines
  of　activity　men　are　occupied　with　impersonal　facts　and　deal　with
  them　in　a　matter…of…fact　way。　In　both；　as　far　as　may　be；　the
  personal　equation　is　sought　to　be　eliminated；　discounted　and
  avoided；　so　as　to　leave　no　chance　for　discrepancies　due　to
  personal　infirmity　or　predilection。　But　it　is　only　on　its
  mechanical　side　that　the　industrial　organization　so　comes　in
  touch　with　modern　science　and　the　pursuit　of　matter…of…fact
  knowledge；　and　it　is　only　in　so　far　as　their　habits　of　thought
  are　shaped　by　the　discipline　of　the　mechanical　industries　that
  there　is　induced　in　the　industrial　population　the　same　bent　as
  goes　to　further　or　to　appreciate　the　work　of　modern　science。　But
  it　would　be　quite　nugatory　to　suggest　that　the　governing　boards
  of　the　universities　should　be　made　up　of；　or　should　comprise；
  impecunious　technologists　and　engineers。
  There　is　no　similar　bond　of　consanguinity　between　the
  business　occupations　and　the　scientific　spirit；　except　so　far　as
  regards　those　clerical　and　subaltern　employments　that　lie　wholly
  within　the　mechanical　routine　of　business　traffic；　and　even　as
  regards　these　employments　and　the　persons　so　occupied　it　is；　at
  the　most；　doubtful　whether　their　training　does　not　after　all
  partake　more　of　that　astute　and　invidious　character　of　cunning
  that　belongs　to　the　conduct　of　business　affairs　than　of　the
  dispassionate　animus　of　scientific　inquiry。
  These　extenuating　considerations　do　not　touch　the　case　of
  that　body　of　businessmen；　in　the　proper　sense　of　the　term；　from
  which　the　membership　of　the　governing　boards　is　drawn。　The
  principles　that　rule　business　enterprise　of　that　larger　and
  pecuniarily　effectual　sort　are　a　matter　of　usage；　appraisement；
  contractual　arrangement　and　strategic　manoeuvres。　They　are　the
  principles　of　a　game　of　competitive　guessing　and　pecuniary
  coercion；　a　game　carried　on　wholly　within　the　limits　of　the
  personal　equation；　and　depending　for　its　movement　and　effect　on
  personal　discrepancies　of　judgment。　Science　has　to　do　with　the
  opaquely　veracious　sequence　of　cause　and　effect；　and　it　deals
  with　the　facts　of　this　sequence　without　mental　reservation　or
  ulterior　purposes　of　expediency。　Business　enterprise　proceeds　on
  ulterior　purposes　and　calculations　of　expediency；　it　depends　on
  shrewd　expedients　and　lives　on　the　margin　of　error；　on　the
  fluctuating　margin　of　human　miscalculation。　The　training