e　than　the　rest　of　the　body；　for　it　does　not　explain　the　fact　of　the　hands　rarely　blushing。　With　Europeans　the　whole　body　tingles　slightly　when　the　face　blushes　intensely；　and　with　the　races　of　men　who　habitually　go　nearly　naked；　the　blushes　extend　over　a　much　larger　surface　than　with　us。　These　facts　are；　to　a　certain　extent；　intelligible；　as　the　self…attention　of　primeval　man；　as　well　as　of　the　existing　races　which　still　go　naked；　will　not　have　been　so　exclusively　confined　to　their　faces；　as　is　the　case　with　the　people　who　now　go　clothed。
  ＇25＇　Mr。　Bain　（‘The　Emotions　and　the　Will；'　1865；　p。　　65）　remarks　on　〃the　shyness　of　manners　which　is　induced　between　the　sexes　。。。。　from　the　influence　of　mutual　regard；　by　the　apprehension　on　either　side　of　not　standing　well　with　the　other。〃
  ＇26＇　See；　for　evidence　on　this　subject；　‘The　Descent　of　Man；'　&c。；　vol。　　ii。　　pp。　　71；　341。
  We　have　seen　that　in　all　parts　of　the　world　persons　who　feel　shame　for　some　moral　delinquency；　are　apt　to　avert；　bend　down；　or　hide　their　faces；　independently　of　any　thought　about　their　personal　appearance。　The　object　can　hardly　be　to　conceal　their　blushes；　for　the　face　is　thus　averted　or　hidden　under　circumstances　which　exclude　any　desire　to　conceal　shame；　as　when　guilt　is　fully　confessed　and　repented　of。　It　is；　however；　probable　that　primeval　man　before　he　had　acquired　much　moral　sensitiveness　would　have　been　highly　sensitive　about　his　personal　appearance；　at　least　in　reference　to　the　other　sex；　and　he　would　consequently　have　felt　distress　at　any　depreciatory　remarks　about　his　appearance；　and　this　is　one　form　of　shame。　And　as　the　face　is　the　part　of　the　body　which　is　most　regarded；　it　is　intelligible　that　any　one　ashamed　of　his　personal　appearance　would　desire　to　conceal　this　part　of　his　body。　　The　habit　having　been　thus　acquired；　would　naturally　be　carried　on　when　shame　from　strictly　moral　causes　was　felt；　and　it　is　not　easy　otherwise　to　see　why　under　these　circumstances　there　should　be　a　desire　to　hide　the　face　more　than　any　other　part　of　the　body。
  The　habit；　so　general　with　every　one　who　feels　ashamed；　of　turning　away；　or　lowering　his　eyes；　or　restlessly　moving　them　from　side　to　side；　probably　follows　from　each　glance　directed　towards　those　present；　bringing　home　the　conviction　that　he　is　intently　regarded；　and　he　endeavours；　by　not　looking　at　those　present；　and　especially　not　at　their　eyes；　momentarily　to　escape　from　this　painful　conviction。
  _Shyness_。This　odd　state　of　mind；　often　called　shamefacedness；　or　false　shame；　or　_mauvaise　honte_；　appears　to　be　one　of　the　most　efficient　of　all　the　causes　of　blushing。　　Shyness　is；　indeed；　chiefly　recognized　by　the　face　reddening；　by　the　eyes　being　averted　or　cast　down；　and　by　awkward；　nervous　movements　of　the　body。　Many　a　woman　blushes　from　this　cause；　a　hundred；　perhaps　a　thousand　times；　to　once　that　she　blushes　from　having　done　anything　deserving　blame；　and　of　which　she　is　truly　ashamed。　Shyness　seems　to　depend　on　sensitiveness　to　the　opinion；　whether　good　or　bad；　of　others；　more　especially　with　respect　to　external　appearance。　　Strangers　neither　know　nor　care　anything　about　our　conduct　or　character；　but　they　may；　and　often　do；　criticize　our　appearance：　　hence　shy　persons　are　particularly　apt　to　be　shy　and　to　blush　in　the　presence　of　strangers。　The　consciousness　of　anything　peculiar；　or　even　new；　in　the　dress；　or　any　slight　blemish　on　the　person；　and　more　especially；　on　the　face　points　which　are　likely　to　attract　the　attention　of　strangers　makes　the　shy　intolerably　shy。　　On　the　other　hand；　in　those　cases　in　which　conduct　and　not　personal　appearance　is　concerned；　we　are　much　more　apt　to　be　shy　in　the　presence　of　acquaintances；　whose　judgment　we　in　some　degree　value；　than　in　that　of　strangers。　A　physician　told　me　that　a　young　man；　a　wealthy　duke；　with　whom　he　had　travelled　as　medical　attendant；　blushed　like　a　girl；　when　he　paid　him　his　fee；　yet　this　young　man　probably　would　not　have　blushed　and　been　shy；　had　he　been　paying　a　bill　to　a　tradesman。　Some　persons；　however；　are　so　sensitive；　that　the　mere　act　of　speaking　to　almost　any　one　is　sufficient　to　rouse　their　self…consciousness；　and　a　slight　blush　is　the　result。
  Disapprobation　or　ridicule；　from　our　sensitiveness　on　this　head；　causes　shyness　and　blushing　much　more　readily　than　does　approbation；　though　the　latter　with　some　persons　is　highly　efficient。　The　conceited　are　rarely　shy；　for　they　value　themselves　much　too　highly　to　expect　depreciation。　　Why　a　proud　man　is　often　shy；　as　appears　to　be　the　case；　is　not　so　obvious；　unless　it　be　that；　with　all　his　self…reliance；　he　really　thinks　much　about　the　opinion　of　others　although　in　a　disdainful　spirit。　Persons　who　are　exceedingly　shy　are　rarely　shy　in　the　presence　of　those　with　whom　they　are　quite　familiar；　and　of　whose　good　opinion　and　sympathy　they　are　perfectly　assured；　for　instance；　a　girl　in　the　presence　of　her　mother。　I　neglected　to　inquire　in　my　printed　paper　whether　shyness　can　be　detected　in　the　different　races　of　man；　but　a　Hindoo　gentleman　assured　Mr。　Erskine　that　it　is　recognizable　in　his　countrymen。
  Shyness；　as　the　derivation　of　the　word　indicates　in　several　languages；＇27＇　is　closely　related　to　fear；　yet　it　is　distinct　from　fear　in　the　ordinary　sense。　　A　shy　man　no　doubt　dreads　the　notice　of　strangers；　but　can　hardly　be　said　to　be　afraid　of　them；　he　may　be　as　bold　as　a　hero　in　battle；　and　yet　have　no　self…confidence　about　trifles　in　the　presence　of　strangers。　Almost　every　one　is　extremely　nervous　when　first　addressing　a　public　assembly；　and　most　men　remain　so　throughout　their　lives；　but　this　appears　to　depend　on　the　consciousness　of　a　great　coming　exertion；　with　its　associated　effects　on　the　system；　rather　than　on　shyness；＇28＇　although　a　timid　or　shy　man　no　doubt　suffers　on　such　occasions　infinitely　more　than　another。　With　very　young　children　it　is　difficult　to　distinguish　between　fear　and　shyness；　but　this　latter　feeling　with　them　has　often　seemed　to　me　to　partake　of　the　character　of　the　wildness　of　an　untamed　animal。　　Shyness　comes　on　at　a　very　early　age。　In　one　of　my　own　children；　when　two　years　and　three　months　old；　I　saw　a　trace　of　what　certainly　appeared　to　be　shyness；　directed　towards　myself　after　an　absence　from　home　of　only　a　week。　This　was　shown　not　by　a　blush；　but　by　the　eyes　being　for　a　few　minutes　slightly　averted　from　me。　　I　have　noticed　on　other　occasions　that　shyness　or　shamefacedness　and　real　shame　are　exhibited　in　the　eyes　of　young　children　before　they　have　acquired　the　power　of　blushing。
  ＇27＇　H。　Wedgwood；　Dict。　　English　Etymology；　vol。　　iii。　　1865；　p。　　184。　So　with　the　Latin　word　_verecundus_。
  As　shyness　apparently　depends　on　self…attention；　we　can　perceive　how　right　are　those　who　maintain　that　reprehending　children　for　shyness；　instead　of　doing　them　any　good；　does　much　harm；　as　it　calls　their　attention　still　more　closely　to　themselves。　It　has　been　well　urged　that　〃nothing　hurts　young　people　more　than　to　be　watched　continually　about　their　feelings；　to　have　their　countenances　scrutinized；　and　the　degrees　of　their　sensibility　measured　by　the　surveying　eye　of　the　unmerciful　spectator。　Under　the　constraint　of　such　examinations　they　can　think　of　nothing　but　that　they　are　looked　at；　and　feel　nothing　but　shame　or　apprehension。〃＇29＇
  ＇28＇　Mr。　Bain　（‘The　Emotions　and　the　Will；'　p。　　64）　has　discussed　the　〃abashed〃　feelings　experienced　on　these　occasions；　as　well　as　the　_stage…fright_　of　actors　unused　to　the　stage。　Mr。　Bain　apparently　attributes　these　feelings　to　simple　apprehension　or　dread。
  ＇29＇　‘Essays　on　Practical　Education；'　by　Maria　and　R。　L。　Edgeworth；　new　edit。　　vol。　　ii。　　1822；　p。　　38。　　Dr。　Burgess　（ibid。　p。　187）　insists　strongly　to　the　same　effect。
  _Moral　causes：　　guilt_。With　respect　to　blushing　from　strictly　moral　causes；　we　meet　with　the　same　fundamental　principle　as　before；　namely；　regard　for　the　opinion　of　others。　It　is　not　the　conscience　which　raises　a　blush；　for　a　man　may　sincerely　regret　some　slight　fault　committed　in　solitude；　or　he　may　suffer　the　deepest　remorse　for　an　undetected　crime；　but　he　will　not　blush。　〃I　blush；〃　says　Dr。　Burgess；＇30＇　〃in　the　presence　of　my　accusers。〃　It　is　not　the　sense　of　guilt；　but　the　thought　that　others　think　or　know　us　to　be　guilty　which　crimsons　the　face。　　A　man　may　feel　thoroughly　ashamed　at　having　told　a　small　falsehood；　without　blushing；　but　if　he　even　suspects　that　he　is　detected　he　will　instantly　blush；　especially　if　detected　by　one　whom　he　reveres。
  On　the　other　hand；　a　man　may　be　convinced　that　God　witnesses　all　his　actions；　and　he　may　feel　deeply　conscious　of　some　fault　and　pray　for　forgiveness；　but　this　will　not；　as　a　lady　who　is　a　great　blusher　believes；　ever　excite　a　blush。　　The　explanation　of　this　difference　between　the　knowledge　by　God　and　man　of　our　actions　lies；　I　presume；　in　man's　disapprobation　of　immoral　conduct　being　somewhat　akin　in　nature　to　his　depreciation　of　our　personal　appearance；　so　that　through　association　both　lead　to　similar　results；　whereas　the　disapprobation　of　God　brings　up　no　such　association。
  Many　a　person　has　blushed　intensely　when　accused　of　some　crime；　though　completely　innocent　of　it。　　Even　the　thought；　as　the　lady　before　referred　to　has　observed　to　me；　that　others　think　that　w