breathing　to　be　hurried；　the　chest　to　heave；　and　the　nostrils　to　be　dilated。　　As　these　exertions　have　often　been　prolonged　to　the　last　extremity；　the　final　result　will　have　been　utter　prostration；　pallor；　perspiration；　trembling　of　all　the　muscles；　or　their　complete　relaxation。　　And　now；　whenever　the　emotion　of　fear　is　strongly　felt；　though　it　may　not　lead　to　any　exertion；　the　same　results　tend　to　reappear；　through　the　force　of　inheritance　and　association。
  Nevertheless；　it　is　probable　that　many　or　most　of　the　above　symptoms　of　terror；　such　as　the　beating　of　the　heart；　the　trembling　of　the　muscles；　cold　perspiration；　&c。；　are　in　large　part　directly　due　to　the　disturbed　or　interrupted　transmission　of　nerve…force　from　the　cerebro…spinal　system　to　various　parts　of　the　body；　owing　to　the　mind　being　so　powerfully　affected。　We　may　confidently　look　to　this　cause；　independently　of　habit　and　association；　in　such　cases　as　the　modified　secretions　of　the　intestinal　canal；　and　the　failure　of　certain　glands　to　act。　With　respect　to　the　involuntary　bristling　of　the　hair；　we　have　good　reason　to　believe　that　in　the　case　of　animals　this　action；　however　it　may　have　originated；　serves；　together　with　certain　voluntary　movements；　to　make　them　appear　terrible　to　their　enemies；　and　as　the　same　involuntary　and　voluntary　actions　are　performed　by　animals　nearly　related　to　man；　we　are　led　to　believe　that　man　has　retained　through　inheritance　a　relic　of　them；　now　become　useless。　It　is　certainly　a　remarkable　fact；　that　the　minute　unstriped　muscles；　by　which　the　hairs　thinly　scattered　over　man's　almost　naked　body　are　erected；　should　have　been　preserved　to　the　present　day；　and　that　they　should　still　contract　under　the　same　emotions；　namely；　terror　and　rage；　which　cause　the　hairs　to　stand　on　end　in　the　lower　members　of　the　Order　to　which　man　belongs。　　CHAPTER　XIII。
  SELF…ATTENTIONSHAMESHYNESSMODESTY：　　BLUSHING。
  Nature　of　a　blushInheritanceThe　parts　of　the　body　most　affected　Blushing　in　the　various　races　of　manAccompanying　gestures　Confusion　of　mindCauses　of　blushingSelf…attention；　the　fundamental　elementShynessShame；　from　broken　moral　laws　and　conventional　rulesModestyTheory　of　blushingRecapitulation。
  BLUSHING　is　the　most　peculiar　and　the　most　human　of　all　expressions。　Monkeys　redden　from　passion；　but　it　would　require　an　overwhelming　amount　of　evidence　to　make　us　believe　that　any　animal　could　blush。　The　reddening　of　the　face　from　a　blush　is　due　to　the　relaxation　of　the　muscular　coats　of　the　small　arteries；　by　which　the　capillaries　become　filled　with　blood；　and　this　depends　on　the　proper　vaso…motor　centre　being　affected。　　No　doubt　if　there　be　at　the　same　time　much　mental　agitation；　the　general　circulation　will　be　affected；　but　it　is　not　due　to　the　action　of　the　heart　that　the　network　of　minute　vessels　covering　the　face　becomes　under　a　sense　of　shame　gorged　with　blood。　We　can　cause　laughing　by　tickling　the　skin；　weeping　or　frowning　by　a　blow；　trembling　from　the　fear　of　pain；　and　so　forth；　but　we　cannot　cause　a　blush；　as　Dr。　Burgess　remarks；＇1＇　by　any　physical　means；that　is　by　any　action　on　the　body。　　It　is　the　mind　which　must　be　affected。　Blushing　is　not　only　involuntary；　but　the　wish　to　restrain　it；　by　leading　to　self…attention　actually　increases　the　tendency。
  ＇1＇　‘The　Physiology　or　Mechanism　of　Blushing；'　1839；　p。　　156。　　I　shall　have　occasion　often　to　quote　this　work　in　the　present　chapter。
  The　young　blush　much　more　freely　than　the　old；　but　not　during　infancy；＇2＇　which　is　remarkable；　as　we　know　that　infants　at　a　very　early　age　redden　from　passion。　　I　have　received　authentic　accounts　of　two　little　girls　blushing　at　the　ages　of　between　two　and　three　years；　and　of　another　sensitive　child；　a　year　older；　blushing；　when　reproved　for　a　fault。　　Many　children；　at　a　somewhat　more　advanced　age　blush　in　a　strongly　marked　manner。　It　appears　that　the　mental　powers　of　infants　are　not　as　yet　sufficiently　developed　to　allow　of　their　blushing。　　Hence；　also；　it　is　that　idiots　rarely　blush。　　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　observed　for　me　those　under　his　care；　but　never　saw　a　genuine　blush；　though　he　has　seen　their　faces　flash；　apparently　from　joy；　when　food　was　placed　before　them；　and　from　anger。　Nevertheless　some；　if　not　utterly　degraded；　are　capable　of　blushing。　A　microcephalous　idiot；　for　instance；　thirteen　years　old；　whose　eyes　brightened　a　little　when　he　was　pleased　or　amused；　has　been　described　by　Dr。　Behn；＇3＇　as　blushing　and　turning　to　one　side；　when　undressed　for　medical　examination。
  Women　blush　much　more　than　men。　　It　is　rare　to　see　an　old　man；　but　not　nearly　so　rare　to　see　an　old　woman　blushing。　　The　blind　do　not　escape。　Laura　Bridgman；　born　in　this　condition；　as　well　as　completely　deaf；　blushes。＇4＇　The　Rev。　R。　H。　Blair；　Principal　of　the　Worcester　College；　informs　me　that　three　children　born　blind；　out　of　seven　or　eight　then　in　the　Asylum；　are　great　blushers。　　The　blind　are　not　at　first　conscious　that　they　are　observed；　and　it　is　a　most　important　part　of　their　education；　as　Mr。　Blair　informs　me；　to　impress　this　knowledge　on　their　minds；　and　the　impression　thus　gained　would　greatly　strengthen　the　tendency　to　blush；　by　increasing　the　habit　of　self…attention。
  ＇2＇　Dr。　Burgess；　ibid。　　p。　　56。　　At　p。　　33　he　also　remarks　on　women　blushing　more　freely　than　men；　as　stated　below。
  ＇3＇　Quoted　by　Vogt；　‘Memoire　sur　les　Microcephales；'　1867；　p。　　20。　　Dr。　Burgess　（ibid。　p。　　56）　doubts　whether　idiots　ever　blush。
  The　tendency　to　blush　is　inherited。　　Dr。　Burgess　gives　the　case＇5＇　of　a　family　consisting　of　a　father；　mother；　and　ten　children；　all　of　whom；　without　exception；　were　prone　to　blush　to　a　most　painful　degree。　The　children　were　grown　up；　〃and　some　of　them　were　sent　to　travel　in　order　to　wear　away　this　diseased　sensibility；　but　nothing　was　of　the　slightest　avail。〃　Even　peculiarities　in　blushing　seem　to　be　inherited。　　Sir　James　Paget；　whilst　examining　the　spine　of　a　girl；　was　struck　at　her　singular　manner　of　blushing；　a　big　splash　of　red　appeared　first　on　one　cheek；　and　then　other　splashes；　variously　scattered　over　the　face　and　neck。　He　subsequently　asked　the　mother　whether　her　daughter　always　blushed　in　this　peculiar　manner；　and　was　answered；　〃Yes；　she　takes　after　me。〃　Sir　J。　Paget　then　perceived　that　by　asking　this　question　he　had　caused　the　mother　to　blush；　and　she　exhibited　the　same　peculiarity　as　her　daughter。
  In　most　cases　the　face；　ears　and　neck　are　the　sole　parts　which　redden；　but　many　persons；　whilst　blushing　intensely；　feel　that　their　whole　bodies　grow　hot　and　tingle；　and　this　shows　that　the　entire　surface　must　be　in　some　manner　affected。　　Blushes　are　said　sometimes　to　commence　on　the　forehead；　but　more　commonly　on　the　cheeks；　afterwards　spreading　to　the　ears　and　neck。＇6＇　In　two　Albinos　examined　by　Dr。　Burgess；　the　blushes　commenced　by　a　small　circumscribed　spot　on　the　cheeks；　over　the　parotidean　plexus　of　nerves；　and　then　increased　into　a　circle；　between　this　blushing　circle　and　the　blush　on　the　neck　there　was　an　evident　line　of　demarcation；　although　both　arose　simultaneously。　The　retina；　which　is　naturally　red　in　the　Albino；　invariably　increased　at　the　same　time　in　redness。＇7＇　Every　one　must　have　noticed　how　easily　after　one　blush　fresh　blushes　chase　each　other　over　the　face。　Blushing　is　preceded　by　a　peculiar　sensation　in　the　skin。　According　to　Dr。　Burgess　the　reddening　of　the　skin　is　generally　succeeded　by　a　slight　pallor；　which　shows　that　the　capillary　vessels　contract　after　dilating。　　In　some　rare　cases　paleness　instead　of　redness　is　caused　under　conditions　which　would　naturally　induce　a　blush。　For　instance；　a　young　lady　told　me　that　in　a　large　and　crowded　party　she　caught　her　hair　so　firmly　on　the　button　of　a　passing　servant；　that　it　took　some　time　before　she　could　be　extricated；　from　her　sensations　she　imagined　that　she　had　blushed　crimson；　but　was　assured　by　a　friend　that　she　had　turned　extremely　pale。
  ＇4＇　Lieber　‘On　the　Vocal　Sounds；'　&c。；　Smithsonian　Contributions；　1851；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　6。
  ＇5＇　Ibid。　　p。　　182。
  I　was　desirous　to　learn　how　far　down　the　body　blushes　extend；　and　Sir　J。　Paget；　who　necessarily　has　frequent　opportunities　for　observation；　has　kindly　attended　to　this　point　for　me　during　two　or　three　years。　He　finds　that　with　women　who　blush　intensely　on　the　face；　ears；　and　nape　of　neck；　the　blush　does　not　commonly　extend　any　lower　down　the　body。　It　is　rare　to　see　it　as　low　down　as　the　collar…bones　and　shoulder…blades；　and　he　has　never　himself　seen　a　single　instance　in　which　it　extended　below　the　upper　part　of　the　chest。　　He　has　also　noticed　that　blushes　sometimes　die　away　downwards；　not　gradually　and　insensibly；　but　by　irregular　ruddy　blotches。　　Dr。　Langstaff　has　likewise　observed　for　me　several　women　whose　bodies　did　not　in　the　least　redden　while　their　faces　were　crimsoned　with　blushes。　　With。　　the　insane；　some　of　whom　appear　to　be　particularly　liable　to　blushing；　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　has　several　times　seen　the　blush　extend　as　far　down　as　the　collar…bones；　and　in　two　instances　to　the　breasts。　He　gives　me　the　case　of　a　married　woman；　aged　twenty…seven；　who　suffered　from　epilepsy。　　On　the　morning　after　her　arrival　in　the　Asylum；　Dr。　Browne；　together　with　his　assistants；　visited　her　whilst　she　was　in　bed。　The　moment　that　he　approac