shake　our　heads。＇23＇　The　Abyssinians；　as　I　am　informed　by　Captain　Speedy；　express　a　negative　by　jerking　the　head　to　the　right　shoulder；　together　with　a　slight　cluck；　the　mouth　being　closed；　an　affirmation　is　expressed　by　the　head　being　thrown　backwards　and　the　eyebrows　raised　for　an　instant。　The　Tagals　of　Luzon；　in　the　Philippine　Archipelago；　as　I　hear　from　Dr。　Adolf　Meyer；　when　they　say　〃yes；〃　also　throw　the　head　backwards。　According　to　the　Rajah　Brooke；　the　Dyaks　of　Borneo　express　an　affirmation　by　raising　the　eyebrows；　and　a　negation　by　slightly　contracting　them；　together　with　a　peculiar　look　from　the　eyes。　With　the　Arabs　on　the　Nile；　Professor　and　Mrs。　Asa　Gray　concluded　that　nodding　in　affirmation　was　rare；　whilst　shaking　the　head　in　negation　was　never　used；　and　was　not　even　understood　by　them。　With　the　Esquimaux＇24＇　a　nod　means　_yes_　and　a　wink　_no_。　The　New　Zealanders　〃elevate　the　head　and　chin　in　place　of　nodding　acquiescence。〃＇25＇
  ＇18＇　‘On　the　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　91。
  ＇19＇　‘On　the　Vocal　Sounds　of　L。　Bridgman；'　Smithsonian　Contributions；　1851；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　11。
  ＇20＇　‘Memoire　sur　les　Microcephales；'　1867；　p。　　27。
  ＇21＇　Quoted　by　Tylor；　‘Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　1870；　p。　　38。
  ＇22＇　Mr。　J。　B。　Jukes；　‘Letters　and　Extracts；'　&c。　1871；　p。　　248。
  ＇23＇　F。　Lieber；　‘On　the　Vocal　Sounds；'　&c。　p。　　11。　　Tylor；　ibid。　　p。　　53。
  With　the　Hindoos　Mr。　H。　Erskine　concludes　from　inquiries　made　from　experienced　Europeans；　and　from　native　gentlemen；　that　the　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation　varya　nod　and　a　lateral　shake　being　sometimes　used　as　we　do；　but　a　negative　is　more　commonly　expressed　by　the　head　being　thrown　suddenly　backwards　and　a　little　to　one　side；　with　a　cluck　of　the　tongue。　What　the　meaning　may　be　of　this　cluck　of　the　tongue；　which　has　been　observed　with　various　people；　I　cannot　imagine。　A　native　gentleman　stated　that　affirmation　is　frequently　shown　by　the　head　being　thrown　to　the　left。　　I　asked　Mr。　Scott　to　attend　particularly　to　this　point；　and；　after　repeated　observations；　he　believes　that　a　vertical　nod　is　not　commonly　used　by　the　natives　in　affirmation；　but　that　the　head　is　first　thrown　backwards　either　to　the　left　or　right；　and　then　jerked　obliquely　forwards　only　once。　　This　movement　would　perhaps　have　been　described　by　a　less　careful　observer　as　a　lateral　shake。　He　also　states　that　in　negation　the　head　is　usually　held　nearly　upright；　and　shaken　several　times。
  Mr。　Bridges　informs　me　that　the　Fuegians　nod　their　heads　vertically　in　affirmation；　and　shake　them　laterally　in　denial。　With　the　wild　Indians　of　North　America；　according　to　Mr。　Washington　Matthews；　nodding　and　shaking　the　head　have　been　learnt　from　Europeans；　and　are　not　naturally　employed。　They　express　affirmation　by　describing　with　the　hand　（all　the　fingers　except　the　index　being　flexed）　a　curve　downwards　and　outwards　from　the　body；　whilst　negation　is　expressed　by　moving　the　open　hand　outwards；　with　the　palm　facing　inwards。〃　Other　observers　state　that　the　sign　of　affirmation　with　these　Indians　is　the　forefinger　being　raised；　and　then　lowered　and　pointed　to　the　ground；　or　the　hand　is　waved　straight　forward　from　the　face；　and　that　the　sign　of　negation　is　the　finger　or　whole　hand　shaken　from　side　to　side。＇26＇　This　latter　movement　probably　represents　in　all　cases　the　lateral　shaking　of　the　head。　The　Italians　are　said　in　like　manner　to　move　the　lifted　finger　from　right　to　left　in　negation；　as　indeed　we　English　sometimes　do。
  ＇24＇　Dr。　King；　Edinburgh　Phil。　　Journal；　1845；　p。　　313。
  ＇25＇　Tylor；　‘Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　53。
  On　the　whole　we　find　considerable　diversity　in　the　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation　in　the　different　races　of　man。　With　respect　to　negation；　if　we　admit　that　the　shaking　of　the　finger　or　hand　from　side　to　side　is　symbolic　of　the　lateral　movement　of　the　head；　and　if　we　admit　that　the　sudden　backward　movement　of　the　head　represents　one　of　the　actions　often　practised　by　young　children　in　refusing　food；　then　there　is　much　uniformity　throughout　the　world　in　the　signs　of　negation；　and　we　can　see　how　they　originated。　　The　most　marked　exceptions　are　presented　by　the　Arabs；　Esquimaux；　some　Australian　tribes；　and　Dyaks。　　With　the　latter　a　frown　is　the　sign　of　negation；　and　with　us　frowning　often　accompanies　a　lateral　shake　of　the　head。
  With　respect　to　nodding　in　affirmation；　the　exceptions　are　rather　more　numerous；　namely　with　some　of　the　Hindoos；　with　the　Turks；　Abyssinians；　Dyaks；　Tagals；　and　New　Zealanders。　The　eyebrows　are　sometimes　raised　in　affirmation；　and　as　a　person　in　bending　his　head　forwards　and　downwards　naturally　looks　up　to　the　person　whom　he　addresses；　he　will　be　apt　to　raise　his　eyebrows；　and　this　sign　may　thus　have　arisen　as　an　abbreviation。　So　again　with　the　New　Zealanders；　the　lifting　up　the　chin　and　head　in　affirmation　may　perhaps　represent　in　an　abbreviated　form　the　upward　movement　of　the　head　after　it　has　been　nodded　forwards　and　downwards。
  ＇26＇　Lubbock；　‘The　Origin　of　Civilization；'　1870；　p。　　277。　Tylor；　ibid。　　p。　　38。　　Lieber　（ibid。　p。　　11）　remarks　on　the　negative　of　the　Italians。　　CHAPTER　XII。
  SURPRISEASTONISHMENTFEARHORROR。
  Surprise；　astonishmentElevation　of　the　eyebrowsOpening　the　mouth　Protrusion　of　the　lipsGestures　accompanying　surprise　AdmirationFearTerrorErection　of　the　hairContraction　of　the　platysma　muscleDilatation　of　the　pupilsHorrorConclusion。
  ATTENTION；　if　sudden　and　close；　graduates　into　surprise；　and　this　into　astonishment；　and　this　into　stupefied　amazement。　The　latter　frame　of　mind　is　closely　akin　to　terror。　Attention　is　shown　by　the　eyebrows　being　slightly　raised；　and　as　this　state　increases　into　surprise；　they　are　raised　to　a　much　greater　extent；　with　the　eyes　and　mouth　widely　open。　The　raising　of　the　eyebrows　is　necessary　in　order　that　the　eyes　should　be　opened　quickly　and　widely；　and　this　movement　produces　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　forehead。　The　degree　to　which　the　eyes　and　mouth　are　opened　corresponds　with　the　degree　of　surprise　felt；　but　these　movements　must　be　coordinated；　for　a　widely　opened　mouth　with　eyebrows　only　slightly　raised　results　in　a　meaningless　grimace；　as　Dr。　Duchenne　has　shown　in　one　of　his　photographs。＇1＇　On　the　other　hand；　a　person　may　often　be　seen　to　pretend　surprise　by　merely　raising　his　eyebrows。
  Dr。　Duchenne　has　given　a　photograph　of　an　old　man　with　his　eyebrows　well　elevated　and　arched　by　the　galvanization　of　the　frontal　muscle；　and　with　his　mouth　voluntarily　opened。　This　figure　expresses　surprise　with　much　truth。　I　showed　it　to　twenty…four　persons　without　a　word　of　explanation；　and　one　alone　did　not　at　all　understand　what　was　intended。　A　second　person　answered　terror；　which　is　not　far　wrong；　some　of　the　others；　however；　added　to　the　words　surprise　or　astonishment；　the　epithets　horrified；　woful；　painful；　or　disgusted。
  ＇1＇　‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie；'　Album；　1862；　p。　　42。
  The　eyes　and　mouth　being　widely　open　is　an　expression　universally　recognized　as　one　of　surprise　or　astonishment。　　Thus　Shakespeare　says；　〃I　saw　a　smith　stand　with　open　mouth　swallowing　a　tailor's　news。〃　（‘King　John；'　act　iv。　　scene　ii。）　And　again；　〃They　seemed　almost；　with　staring　on　one　another；　to　tear　the　cases　of　their　eyes；　there　was　speech　in　the　dumbness；　language　in　their　very　gesture；　they　looked　as　they　had　heard　of　a　world　destroyed。〃　（‘Winter's　Tale；'　act　v。　　scene　ii。）
  My　informants　answer　with　remarkable　uniformity　to　the　same　effect；　with　respect　to　the　various　races　of　man；　the　above　movements　of　the　features　being　often　accompanied　by　certain　gestures　and　sounds；　presently　to　be　described。　　Twelve　observers　in　different　parts　of　Australia　agree　on　this　head。　　Mr。　Winwood　Reade　has　observed　this　expression　with　the　negroes　on　the　Guinea　coast。　The　chief　Gaika　and　others　answer　_yes_　to　my　query　with　respect　to　the　Kafirs　of　South　Africa；　and　so　do　others　emphatically　with　reference　to　the　Abyssinians；　Ceylonese；　Chinese；　Fuegians；　various　tribes　of　North　America；　and　New　Zealanders。　　With　the　latter；　Mr。　Stack　states　that　the　expression　is　more　plainly　shown　by　certain　individuals　than　by　others；　though　all　endeavour　as　much　as　possible　to　conceal　their　feelings。　　The　Dyaks　of　Borneo　are　said　by　the　Rajah　Brooke　to　open　their　eyes　widely；　when　astonished；　often　swinging　their　heads　to　and　fro；　and　beating　their　breasts。　Mr。　Scott　informs　me　that　the　workmen　in　the　Botanic　Gardens　at　Calcutta　are　strictly　ordered　not　to　smoke；　but　they　often　disobey　this　order；　and　when　suddenly　surprised　in　the　act；　they　first　open　their　eyes　and　mouths　widely。　　They　then　often　slightly　shrug　their　shoulders；　as　they　perceive　that　discovery　is　inevitable；　or　frown　and　stamp　on　the　ground　from　vexation。　Soon　they　recover　from　their　surprise；　and　abject　fear　is　exhibited　by　the　relaxation　of　all　their　muscles；　their　heads　seem　to　sink　between　their　shoulders；　their　fallen　eyes　wander　to　and　fro；　and　they　supplicate　forgiveness。
  The　well…known　Australian　explorer；　Mr。　Stuart；　has　given＇2＇　a　striking　account　of　stupefied　amazement　together　with　terror　in　a　native　who　had　never　before　seen　a　man　on　horseback。　Mr。　Stuart　approached　unseen　and　called　to　him　from　a　little　distance。　〃He　turned　round　and　saw　me。　　What　he　ima