the　patience　muscles。〃　Shylock　the　Jew；　says；
  〃Signor　Antonio；　many　a　time　and　oft　　In　the　Rialto　have　you　rated　me　　About　my　monies　and　usances；　　Still　have　I　borne　it　with　a　patient　shrug。〃　_Merchant　of　Venice_；　act　1。　　sc。　　3。
  Sir　C。　Bell　has　given＇14＇　a　life…like　figure　of　a　man；　who　is　shrinking　back　from　some　terrible　danger；　and　is　on　the　point　of　screaming　out　in　abject　terror。　He　is　represented　with　his　shoulders　lifted　up　almost　to　his　ears；　and　this　at　once　declares　that　there　is　no　thought　of　resistance。
  As　shrugging　the　shoulders　generally　implies　〃I　cannot　do　this　or　that；〃　so　by　a　slight　change；　it　sometimes　implies　〃I　won't　do　it。〃　The　movement　then　expresses　a　dogged　determination　not　to　act。　Olmsted　describes＇15＇　an　Indian　in　Texas　as　giving　a　great　shrug　to　his　shoulders；　when　he　was　informed　that　a　party　of　men　were　Germans　and　not　Americans；　thus　expressing　that　he　would　have　nothing　to　do　with　them。　　Sulky　and　obstinate　children　may　be　seen　with　both　their　shoulders　raised　high　up；　but　this　movement　is　not　associated　with　the　others　which　generally　accompany　a　true　shrug。　An　excellent　observer＇16＇　in　describing　a　young　man　who　was　determined　not　to　yield　to　his　father's　desire；　says；　〃He　thrust　his　hands　deep　down　into　his　pockets；　and　set　up　his　shoulders　to　his　ears；　which　was　a　good　warning　that；　come　right　or　wrong；　this　rock　should　fly　from　its　firm　base　as　soon　as　Jack　would；　and　that　any　remonstrance　on　the　subject　was　purely　futile。〃　As　soon　as　the　son　got　his　own　way；　he　〃put　his　shoulders　into　their　natural　position。〃
  ＇14＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　166。
  ＇15＇　‘Journey　through　Texas；'　p。　　352。
  Resignation　is　sometimes　shown　by　the　open　hands　being　placed；　one　over　the　other；　on　the　lower　part　of　the　body。　　I　should　not　have　thought　this　little　gesture　worth　even　a　passing　notice；　had　not　Dr。　W。　Ogle　remarked　to　me　that　he　had　two　or　three　times　observed　it　in　patients　who　were　preparing　for　operations　under　chloroform。　They　exhibited　no　great　fear；　but　seemed　to　declare　by　this　posture　of　their　hands；　that　they　had　made　up　their　minds；　and　were　resigned　to　the　inevitable。
  We　may　now　inquire　why　men　in　all　parts　of　the　world　when　they　feel；　whether　or　not　they　wish　to　show　this　feeling；that　they　cannot　or　will　not　do　something；　or　will　not　resist　something　if　done　by　another；　shrug　their　shoulders；　at　the　same　time　often　bending　in　their　elbows；　showing　the　palms　of　their　hands　with　extended　fingers；　often　throwing　their　heads　a　little　on　one　side；　raising　their　eyebrows；　and　opening　their　mouths。　These　states　of　the　mind　are　either　simply　passive；　or　show　a　determination　not　to　act。　　None　of　the　above　movements　are　of　the　least　service。　　The　explanation　lies；　I　cannot　doubt；　in　the　principle　of　unconscious　antithesis。　This　principle　here　seems　to　come　into　play　as　clearly　as　in　the　case　of　a　dog；　who；　when　feeling　savage；　puts　himself　in　the　proper　attitude　for　attacking　and　for　making　himself　appear　terrible　to　his　enemy；　but　as　soon　as　he　feels　affectionate；　throws　his　whole　body　into　a　directly　opposite　attitude；　though　this　is　of　no　direct　use　to　him。
  ＇16＇　Mrs。　Oliphant；　‘The　Brownlows；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　206。
  Let　it　be　observed　how　an　indignant　man；　who　resents；　and　will　not　submit　to　some　injury；　holds　his　head　erect；　squares　his　shoulders；　and　expands　his　chest。　　He　often　clenches　his　fists；　and　puts　one　or　both　arms　in　the　proper　position　for　attack　or　defence；　with　the　muscles　of　his　limbs　rigid。　　He　frowns；that　is；　he　contracts　and　lowers　his　brows；and；　being　determined；　closes　his　mouth。　　The　actions　and　attitude　of　a　helpless　man　are；　in　every　one　of　these　respects；　exactly　the　reverse。　　In　Plate　VI。　we　may　imagine　one　of　the　figures　on　the　left　side　to　have　just　said；　〃What　do　you　mean　by　insulting　me？〃　and　one　of　the　figures　on　the　right　side　to　answer；　〃I　really　could　not　help　it。〃　The　helpless　man　unconsciously　contracts　the　muscles　of　his　forehead　which　are　antagonistic　to　those　that　cause　a　frown；　and　thus　raises　his　eyebrows；　at　the　same　time　he　relaxes　the　muscles　about　the　mouth；　so　that　the　lower　jaw　drops。　The　antithesis　is　complete　in　every　detail；　not　only　in　the　movements　of　the　features；　but　in　the　position　of　the　limbs　and　in　the　attitude　of　the　whole　body；　as　may　be　seen　in　the　accompanying　plate。　As　the　helpless　or　apologetic　man　often　wishes　to　show　his　state　of　mind；　he　then　acts　in　a　conspicuous　or　demonstrative　manner。
  In　accordance　with　the　fact　that　squaring　the　elbows　and　clenching　the　fists　are　gestures　by　no　means　universal　with　the　men　of　all　races；　when　they　feel　indignant　and　are　prepared　to　attack　their　enemy；　so　it　appears　that　a　helpless　or　apologetic　frame　of　mind　is　expressed　in　many　parts　of　the　world　by　merely　shrugging　the　shoulders；　without　turning　inwards　the　elbows　and　opening　the　hands。　The　man　or　child　who　is　obstinate；　or　one　who　is　resigned　to　some　great　misfortune；　has　in　neither　case　any　idea　of　resistance　by　active　means；　and　he　expresses　this　state　of　mind；　by　simply　keeping　his　shoulders　raised；　or　he　may　possibly　fold　his　arms　across　his　breast。
  _Signs　of　affirmation　or　approval；　and　of　negation　or　disapproval：　nodding　and　shaking　the　head_。I　was　curious　to　ascertain　how　far　the　common　signs　used　by　us　in　affirmation　and　negation　were　general　throughout　the　world。　　These　signs　are　indeed　to　a　certain　extent　expressive　of　our　feelings；　as　we　give　a　vertical　nod　of　approval　with　a　smile　to　our　children；　when　we　approve　of　their　conduct；　and　shake　our　heads　laterally　with　a　frown；　when　we　disapprove。　With　infants；　the　first　act　of　denial　consists　in　refusing　food；　and　I　repeatedly　noticed　with　my　own　infants；　that　they　did　so　by　withdrawing　their　heads　laterally　from　the　breast；　or　from　anything　offered　them　in　a　spoon。　　In　accepting　food　and　taking　it　into　their　mouths；　they　incline　their　heads　forwards。　　Since　making　these　observations　I　have　been　informed　that　the　same　idea　had　occurred　to　Charma。＇17＇　It　deserves　notice　that　in　accepting　or　taking　food；　there　is　only　a　single　movement　forward；　and　a　single　nod　implies　an　affirmation。　On　the　other　hand；　in　refusing　food；　especially　if　it　be　pressed　on　them；　children　frequently　move　their　heads　several　times　from　side　to　side；　as　we　do　in　shaking　our　heads　in　negation。　　Moreover；　in　the　case　of　refusal；　the　head　is　not　rarely　thrown　backwards；　or　the　mouth　is　closed；　so　that　these　movements　might　likewise　come　to　serve　as　signs　of　negation。　Mr。　Wedgwood　remarks　on　this　subject；＇18＇　that　〃when　the　voice　is　exerted　with　closed　teeth　or　lips；　it　produces　the　sound　of　the　letter　_n_　or　_m_。　Hence　we　may　account　for　the　use　of　the　particle　_ne_　to　signify　negation；　and　possibly　also　of　the　Greek　mh　in　the　same　sense。〃
  ＇17＇　‘Essai　sur　le　Langage；'　2nd　edit。　　1846。　　I　am　much　indebted　to　Miss　Wedgwood　for　having　given　me　this　information；　with　an　extract　from　the　work。
  That　these　signs　are　innate　or　instinctive；　at　least　with　Anglo…Saxons；　is　rendered　highly　probable　by　the　blind　and　deaf　Laura　Bridgman　〃constantly　accompanying　her　_yes_　with　the　common　affirmative　nod；　and　her　_no_　with　our　negative　shake　of　the　head。〃　　Had　not　Mr。　Lieber　stated　to　the　contrary；＇19＇　I　should　have　imagined　that　these　gestures　might　have　been　acquired　or　learnt　by　her；　considering　her　wonderful　sense　of　touch　and　appreciation　of　the　movements　of　others。　With　microcephalous　idiots；　who　are　so　degraded　that　they　never　learn　to　speak；　one　of　them　is　described　by　Vogt；＇20＇　as　answering；　when　asked　whether　he　wished　for　more　food　or　drink；　by　inclining　or　shaking　his　head。　Schmalz；　in　his　remarkable　dissertation　on　the　education　of　the　deaf　and　dumb；　as　well　as　of　children　raised　only　one　degree　above　idiotcy；　assumes　that　they　can　always　both　make　and　understand　the　common　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation。〃
  Nevertheless　if　we　look　to　the　various　races　of　man；　these　signs　are　not　so　universally　employed　as　I　should　have　expected；　yet　they　seem　too　general　to　be　ranked　as　altogether　conventional　or　artificial。　My　informants　assert　that　both　signs　are　used　by　the　Malays；　by　the　natives　of　Ceylon；　the　Chinese；　the　negroes　of　the　Guinea　coast；　and；　according　to　Gaika；　by　the　Kafirs　of　South　Africa；　though　with　these　latter　people　Mrs。　Barber　has　never　seen　a　lateral　shake　used　as　a　negative。　　With　respect　to　the　Australians；　seven　observers　agree　that　a　nod　is　given　in　affirmation；　five　agree　about　a　lateral　shake　in　negation；　accompanied　or　not　by　some　word；　but　Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　has　never　seen　this　latter　sign　in　Queensland；　and　Mr。　Bulmer　says　that　in　Gipps'　Land　a　negative　is　expressed　by　throwing　the　head　a　little　backwards　and　putting　out　the　tongue。　At　the　northern　extremity　of　the　continent；　near　Torres　Straits；　the　natives　when　uttering　a　negative　〃don't　shake　the　head　with　it；　but　holding　up　the　right　hand；　shake　it　by　turning　it　half　round　and　back　again　two　or　three　times。〃＇22＇　The　throwing　back　of　the　head　with　a　cluck　of　the　tongue　is　said　to　be　used　as　a　negative　by　the　modern　Greeks　and　Turks；　the　latter　people　expressing　_yes_　by　a　movement　like　that　made　by　us　when　we　shake　our　heads。＇23＇　The　Abyssinians；　as　I　am　informed　by　Captain　Speedy；　express　a　negative　by　jerk