ns　on　the　forehead　and　neck　distended。　The　reddening　of　the　skin　has　been　observed　with　the　copper…coloured　Indians　of　South　America；＇2＇　and　even；　as　it　is　said；　on　the　white　cicatrices　left　by　old　wounds　on　negroes。＇3＇　Monkeys　also　redden　from　passion。　　With　one　of　my　own　infants；　under　four　months　old；　I　repeatedly　observed　that　the　first　symptom　of　an　approaching　passion　was　the　rushing　of　the　blood　into　his　bare　scalp。　　On　the　other　hand；　the　action　of　the　heart　is　sometimes　so　much　impeded　by　great　rage；　that　the　countenance　becomes　pallid　or　livid；＇4＇　and　not　a　few　men　with　heart…disease　have　dropped　down　dead　under　this　powerful　emotion。
  ＇2＇　Rengger；　Naturgesch。　　der　Saugethiere　von　Paraguay；　1830；　s。　　3。
  ＇3＇　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　96。　　On　the　other　hand；　Dr。　Burgess　（‘Physiology　of　Blushing；'　1839；　p。　　31）　speaks　of　the　reddening　of　a　cicatrix　in　a　negress　as　of　the　nature　of　a　blush。
  ＇4＇　Moreau　and　Gratiolet　have　discussed　the　colour　of　the　face　under　the　influence　of　intense　passion：　　see　the　edit。　of　1820　of　Lavater；　vol。　　iv。　　pp。　　282　and　300；　and　Gratiolet；　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　p。　　345。
  The　respiration　is　likewise　affected；　the　chest　heaves；　and　the　dilated　nostrils　quiver。＇5＇　As　Tennyson　writes；　〃sharp　breaths　of　anger　puffed　her　fairy　nostrils　out。〃　Hence　we　have　such　expressions　as　breathing　out　vengeance；〃　and　〃fuming　with　anger。〃＇6＇
  The　excited　brain　gives　strength　to　the　muscles；　and　at　the　same　time　energy　to　the　will。　　The　body　is　commonly　held　erect　ready　for　instant　action；　but　sometimes　it　is　bent　forward　towards　the　offending　person；　with　the　limbs　more　or　less　rigid。　The　mouth　is　generally　closed　with　firmness；　showing　fixed　determination；　and　the　teeth　are　clenched　or　ground　together。　Such　gestures　as　the　raising　of　the　arms；　with　the　fists　clenched；　as　if　to　strike　the　offender；　are　common。　　Few　men　in　a　great　passion；　and　telling　some　one　to　begone；　can　resist　acting　as　if　they　intended　to　strike　or　push　the　man　violently　away。　The　desire；　indeed；　to　strike　often　becomes　so　intolerably　strong；　that　inanimate　objects　are　struck　or　dashed　to　the　ground；　but　the　gestures　frequently　become　altogether　purposeless　or　frantic。　Young　children；　when　in　a　violent　rage　roll　on　the　ground　on　their　backs　or　bellies；　screaming；　kicking；　scratching；　or　biting　everything　within　reach。　　So　it　is；　as　I　hear　from　Mr。　Scott；　with　Hindoo　children；　and；　as　we　have　seen；　with　the　young　of　the　anthropomorphous　apes。
  ＇6＇　Sir　C。　Bell　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　pp。　　91；　107）　has　fully　discussed　this　subject。　　Moreau　remarks　（in　the　edit。　　of　1820　of　‘La　Physionomie；　par　G。　Lavater；'　vol。　　iv。　　p。　　237）；　and　quotes　Portal　in　confirmation；　that　asthmatic　patients　acquire　permanently　expanded　nostrils；　owing　to　the　habitual　contraction　of　the　elevatory　muscles　of　the　wings　of　the　nose。　The　explanation　by　Dr。　Piderit　（‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　s。　　82）　of　the　distension　of　the　nostrils；　namely；　to　allow　free　breathing　whilst　the　mouth　is　closed　and　the　teeth　clenched；　does　not　appear　to　be　nearly　so　correct　as　that　by　Sir　C。　Bell；　who　attributes　it　to　the　sympathy　（_i。　e_。　habitual　co…action）　of　all　the　respiratory　muscles。　　The　nostrils　of　an　angry　man　may　be　seen　to　become　dilated；　although　his　mouth　is　open。
  ＇7＇　Mr。　Wedgwood；　‘On　the　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　76。　　He　also　observes　that　the　sound　of　hard　breathing　〃is　represented　by　the　syllables　_puff；　huff；　whiff_；　whence　a　_huff_　is　a　fit　of　ill…temper。〃
  But　the　muscular　system　is　often　affected　in　a　wholly　different　way；　for　trembling　is　a　frequent　consequence　of　extreme　rage。　The　paralysed　lips　then　refuse　to　obey　the　will；　〃and　the　voice　sticks　in　the　throat；〃＇7＇　or　it　is　rendered　loud；　harsh；　and　discordant。　If　there　be　much　and　rapid　speaking；　the　mouth　froths。　The　hair　sometimes　bristles；　but　I　shall　return　to　this　subject　in　another　chapter；　when　I　treat　of　the　mingled　emotions　of　rage　and　terror。　　There　is　in　most　cases　a　strongly…marked　frown　on　the　forehead；　for　this　follows　from　the　sense　of　anything　displeasing　or　difficult；　together　with　concentration　of　mind。　But　sometimes　the　brow；　instead　of　being　much　contracted　and　lowered；　remains　smooth；　with　the　glaring　eyes　kept　widely　open。　The　eyes　are　always　bright；　or　may；　as　Homer　expresses　it；　glisten　with　fire。　　They　are　sometimes　bloodshot；　and　are　said　to　protrude　from　their　socketsthe　result；　no　doubt；　of　the　head　being　gorged　with　blood；　as　shown　by　the　veins　being　distended。　According　to　Gratiolet；〃　the　pupils　are　always　contracted　in　rage；　and　I　hear　from　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　that　this　is　the　case　in　the　fierce　delirium　of　meningitis；　but　the　movements　of　the　iris　under　the　influence　of　the　different　emotions　is　a　very　obscure　subject。
  Shakspeare　sums　up　the　chief　characteristics　of　rage　as　follows：
  〃In　peace　there's　nothing　so　becomes　a　man；　　As　modest　stillness　and　humility；　　But　when　the　blast　of　war　blows　in　our　ears；　　Then　imitate　the　action　of　the　tiger：　　Stiffen　the　sinews；　summon　up　the　blood；　　Then　lend　the　eye　a　terrible　aspect；　　Now　set　the　teeth；　and　stretch　the　nostril　wide；　　Hold　hard　the　breath；　and　bend　up　every　spirit　　To　his　full　height！　On；　on；　you　noblest　English。〃　_Henry　V_。；　act　iii。　　sc。　　1。
  ＇7＇　Sir　C。　Bell　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　95）　has　some　excellent　remarks　on　the　expression　of　rage。
  ＇8＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　1865；　p。　　346。
  The　lips　are　sometimes　protruded　during　rage　in　a　manner；　the　meaning　of　which　I　do　not　understand；　unless　it　depends　on　our　descent　from　some　ape…like　animal。　　Instances　have　been　observed；　not　only　with　Europeans；　but　with　the　Australians　and　Hindoos。　　The　lips；　however；　are　much　more　commonly　retracted；　the　grinning　or　clenched　teeth　being　thus　exposed。　This　has　been　noticed　by　almost　every　one　who　has　written　on　expression。＇9＇　The　appearance　is　as　if　the　teeth　were　uncovered；　ready　for　seizing　or　tearing　an　enemy；　though　there　may　be　no　intention　of　acting　in　this　manner。　Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　has　seen　this　grinning　expression　with　the　Australians；　when　quarrelling；　and　so　has　Gaika　with　the　Kafirs　of　South　America。　Dickens；＇10＇　in　speaking　of　an　atrocious　murderer　who　had　just　been　caught；　and　was　surrounded　by　a　furious　mob；　describes　〃the　people　as　jumping　up　one　behind　another；　snarling　with　their　teeth；　and　making　at　him　like　wild　beasts。〃　　Every　one　who　has　had　much　to　do　with　young　children　must　have　seen　how　naturally　they　take　to　biting；　when　in　a　passion。　It　seems　as　instinctive　in　them　as　in　young　crocodiles；　who　snap　their　little　jaws　as　soon　as　they　emerge　from　the　egg。
  ＇9＇　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　177。　　Gratiolet　（De　la　Phys。　　p。　　369）　says；　‘les　dents　se　decouvrent；　et　imitent　symboliquement　l'action　de　dechirer　et　de　mordre。'I　If；　instead　of　using　the　vague　term　_symboliquement_；　Gratiolet　had　said　that　the　action　was　a　remnant　of　a　habit　acquired　during　primeval　times　when　our　semi…human　progenitors　fought　together　with　their　teeth；　like　gorillas　and　orangs　at　the　present　day；　he　would　have　been　more　intelligible。　　Dr。　Piderit　（‘Mimik；'　&c。；　s。　82）　also　speaks　of　the　retraction　of　the　upper　lip　during　rage。　In　an　engraving　of　one　of　Hogarth's　wonderful　pictures；　passion　is　represented　in　the　plainest　manner　by　the　open　glaring　eyes；　frowning　forehead；　and　exposed　grinning　teeth。
  ＇10＇　‘Oliver　Twist；'　vol。　　iii。　　p。　　245。
  A　grinning　expression　and　the　protrusion　of　the　lips　appear　sometimes　to　go　together。　　A　close　observer　says　that　he　has　seen　many　instances　of　intense　hatred　（which　can　hardly　be　distinguished　from　rage；　more　or　less　suppressed）　in　Orientals；　and　once　in　an　elderly　English　woman。　In　all　these　cases　there　〃was　a　grin；　not　a　scowlthe　lips　lengthening；　the　cheeks　settling　downwards；　the　eyes　half…closed；　whilst　the　brow　remained　perfectly　calm。〃＇11＇
  This　retraction　of　the　lips　and　uncovering　of　the　teeth　during　paroxysms　of　rage；　as　if　to　bite　the　offender；　is　so　remarkable；　considering　how　seldom　the　teeth　are　used　by　men　in　fighting；　that　I　inquired　from　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　whether　the　habit　was　common　in　the　insane　whose　passions　are　unbridled。　He　informs　me　that　he　has　repeatedly　observed　it　both　with　the　insane　and　idiotic；　and　has　given　me　the　following　illustrations：
  Shortly　before　receiving　my　letter；　be　witnessed　an　uncontrollable　outbreak　of　anger　and　delusive　jealousy　in　an　insane　lady。　At　first　she　vituperated　her　husband；　and　whilst　doing　so　foamed　at　the　mouth。　　Next　she　approached　close　to　him　with　compressed　lips；　and　a　virulent　set　frown。　　Then　she　drew　back　her　lips；　especially　the　corners　of　the　upper　lip；　and　showed　her　teeth；　at　the　same　time　aiming　a　vicious　blow　at　him。　　A　second　case　is　that　of　an　old　soldier；　who；　when　he　is　requested　to　conform　to　the　rules　of　the　establishment；　gives　way　to　discontent；　terminating　in　fury。　　He　commonly　begins　by　asking　Dr。　Browne　whether　he　is　not　ashamed　to　treat　him　in　such　a　manner。　He　then　swears　and　blasphemes；　paces　tip　and　down；　tosses　his　arms　wildly　about；　and　menaces　any　one　near　him。　At　last；　as　his　exasperation　culminates；　he　rushes　up　towards　Dr。　Browne　with　a　peculiar　sidelong　movement；　shaking　his　doubled　fist；　and　threatening　destruction。　Then　his　upper　lip　may