should　exhibit；　when　similarly　affected；　a　trace　of　the　same　expression；　together　with　some　tendency　to　utter　a　noise。　　For　it　is　not　at　all　unusual　for　animals　to　retain；　more　or　less　perfectly；　during　early　youth；　and　subsequently　to　lose；　characters　which　were　aboriginally　possessed　by　their　adult　progenitors；　and　which　are　still　retained　by　distinct　species；　their　near　relations。
  Nor　is　it　an　anomalous　fact　that　the　children　of　savages　should　exhibit　a　stronger　tendency　to　protrude　their　lips；　when　sulky；　than　the　children　of　civilized　Europeans；　for　the　essence　of　savagery　seems　to　consist　in　the　retention　of　a　primordial　condition；　and　this　occasionally　holds　good　even　with　bodily　peculiarities。＇12＇　It　may　be　objected　to　this　view　of　the　origin　of　pouting；　that　the　anthropoid　apes　likewise　protrude　their　lips　when　astonished　and　even　when　a　little　pleased；　whilst　with　us　this　expression　is　generally　confined　to　a　sulky　frame　of　mind。　　But　we　shall　see　in　a　future　chapter　that　with　men　of　various　races　surprise　does　sometimes　lead　to　a　slight　protrusion　of　the　lips；　though　great　surprise　or　astonishment　is　more　commonly　shown　by　the　mouth　being　widely　opened。　As　when　we　smile　or　laugh　we　draw　back　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　we　have　lost　any　tendency　to　protrude　the　lips；　when　pleased；　if　indeed　our　early　progenitors　thus　expressed　pleasure。
  ＇11＇　Muller；　as　quoted　by　Huxley；　‘Man's　Place　in　Nature；'　1863；　p。　　38。
  A　little　gesture　made　by　sulky　children　may　here　be　noticed；　namely；　their　〃showing　a　cold　shoulder。〃　　This　has　a　different　meaning；　as；　I　believe；　from　the　keeping　both　shoulders　raised。　　A　cross　child；　sitting　on　its　parent's　knee；　will　lift　up　the　near　shoulder；　then　jerk　it　away；　as　if　from　a　caress；　and　afterwards　give　a　backward　push　with　it；　as　if　to　push　away　the　offender。　I　have　seen　a　child；　standing　at　some　distance　from　any　one；　clearly　express　its　feelings　by　raising　one　shoulder；　giving　it　a　little　backward　movement；　and　then　turning　away　its　whole　body。
  _Decision　or　determination_。The　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　tends　to　give　an　expression　of　determination　or　decision　to　the　countenance。　No　determined　man　probably　ever　had　an　habitually　gaping　mouth。　Hence；　also；　a　small　and　weak　lower　jaw；　which　seems　to　indicate　that　the　mouth　is　not　habitually　and　firmly　closed；　is　commonly　thought　to　be　characteristic　of　feebleness　of　character。　　A　prolonged　effort　of　any　kind；　whether　of　body　or　mind；　implies　previous　determination；　and　if　it　can　be　shown　that　the　mouth　is　generally　closed　with　firmness　before　and　during　a　great　and　continued　exertion　of　the　muscular　system；　then；　through　the　principle　of　association；　the　mouth　would　almost　certainly　be　closed　as　soon　as　any　determined　resolution　was　taken。　Now　several　observers　have　noticed　that　a　man；　in　commencing　any　violent　muscular　effort；　invariably　first　distends　his　lungs　with　air；　and　then　compresses　it　by　the　strong　contraction　of　the　muscles　of　the　chest；　and　to　effect　this　the　mouth　must　be　firmly　closed。　　Moreover；　as　soon　as　the　man　is　compelled　to　draw　breath；　he　still　keeps　his　chest　as　much　distended　as　possible。
  ＇11＇　I　have　given　several　instances　in　my　‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol。　　i。　　chap。　　iv。
  Various　causes　have　been　assigned　for　this　manner　of　acting。　Sir　C。　Bell　maintains＇13＇　that　the　chest　is　distended　with　air；　and　is　kept　distended　at　such　times；　in　order　to　give　a　fixed　support　to　the　muscles　which　are　thereto　attached。　Hence；　as　he　remarks；　when　two　men　are　engaged　in　a　deadly　contest；　a　terrible　silence　prevails；　broken　only　by　hard　stifled　breathing。　There　is　silence；　because　to　expel　the　air　in　the　utterance　of　any　sound　would　be　to　relax　the　support　for　the　muscles　of　the　arms。　If　an　outcry　is　heard；　supposing　the　struggle　to　take　place　in　the　dark；　we　at　once　know　that　one　of　the　two　has　given　up　in　despair。
  Gratiolet　admits＇14＇　that　when　a　man　has　to　struggle　with　another　to　his　utmost；　or　has　to　support　a　great　weight；　or　to　keep　for　a　long　time　the　same　forced　attitude；　it　is　necessary　for　him　first　to　make　a　deep　inspiration；　and　then　to　cease　breathing；　but　he　thinks　that　Sir　C。　Bell's　explanation　is　erroneous。　He　maintains　that　arrested　respiration　retards　the　circulation　of　the　blood；　of　which　I　believe　there　is　no　doubt；　and　he　adduces　some　curious　evidence　from　the　structure　of　the　lower　animals；　showing；　on　the　one　hand；　that　a　retarded　circulation　is　necessary　for　prolonged　muscular　exertion；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　that　a　rapid　circulation　is　necessary　for　rapid　movements。　According　to　this　view；　when　we　commence　any　great　exertion；　we　close　our　mouths　and　stop　breathing；　in　order　to　retard　the　circulation　of　the　blood。　　Gratiolet　sums　up　the　subject　by　saying；　〃C'est　la　la　vraie　theorie　de　l'effort　continu；〃　but　how　far　this　theory　is　admitted　by　other　physiologists　I　do　not　know。
  ＇13＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression。'　　p。　　190。
  ＇14＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　pp。　　118…121。
  Dr。　Piderit　accounts＇15＇　for　the　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　during　strong　muscular　exertion；　on　the　principle　that　the　influence　of　the　will　spreads　to　other　muscles　besides　those　necessarily　brought　into　action　in　making　any　particular　exertion；　and　it　is　natural　that　the　muscles　of　respiration　and　of　the　mouth；　from　being　so　habitually　used；　should　be　especially　liable　to　be　thus　acted　on。　It　appears　to　me　that　there　probably　is　some　truth　in　this　view；　for　we　are　apt　to　press　the　teeth　hard　together　during　violent　exertion；　and　this　is　not　requisite　to　prevent　expiration；　whilst　the　muscles　of　the　chest　are　strongly　contracted。
  Lastly；　when　a　man　has　to　perform　some　delicate　and　difficult　operation；　not　requiring　the　exertion　of　any　strength；　he　nevertheless　generally　closes　his　mouth　and　ceases　for　a　time　to　breathe；　but　he　acts　thus　in　order　that　the　movements　of　his　chest　may　not　disturb；　those　of　his　arms。　A　person；　for　instance；　whilst　threading　a　needle；　may　be　seen　to　compress　his　lips　and　either　to　stop　breathing；　or　to　breathe　as　quietly　as　possible。　So　it　was；　as　formerly　stated；　with　a　young　and　sick　chimpanzee；　whilst　it　amused　itself　by　killing　flies　with　its　knuckles；　as　they　buzzed　about　on　the　window…panes。　To　perform　an　action；　however　trifling；　if　difficult；　implies　some　amount　of　previous　determination。
  ＇15＇　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　s。　　79。
  There　appears　nothing　improbable　in　all　the　above　assigned　causes　having　come　into　play　in　different　degrees；　either　conjointly　or　separately；　on　various　occasions。　The　result　would　be　a　well…established　habit；　now　perhaps　inherited；　of　firmly　closing　the　mouth　at　the　commencement　of　and　during　any　violent　and　prolonged　exertion；　or　any　delicate　operation。　Through　the　principle　of　association　there　would　also　be　a　strong　tendency　towards　this　same　habit；　as　soon　as　the　mind　had　resolved　on　any　particular　action　or　line　of　conduct；　even　before　there　was　any　bodily　exertion；　or　if　none　were　requisite。　The　habitual　and　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　would　thus　come　to　show　decision　of　character；　and　decision　readily　passes　into　obstinacy。　　CHAPTER　X。
  HATRED　AND　ANGER。
  HatredRage；　effects　of　on　the　systemUncovering　of　the　teeth　Rage　in　the　insaneAnger　and　indignationAs　expressed　by　the　various　races　of　manSneering　and　defianceThe　uncovering　of　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side　of　the　face。
  IF　we　have　suffered　or　expect　to　suffer　some　wilful　injury　from　a　man；　or　if　he　is　in　any　way　offensive　to　us；　we　dislike　him；　and　dislike　easily　rises　into　hatred。　　Such　feelings；　if　experienced　in　a　moderate　degree；　are　not　clearly　expressed　by　any　movement　of　the　body　or　features；　excepting　perhaps　by　a　certain　gravity　of　behaviour；　or　by　some　ill…temper。　Few　individuals；　however；　can　long　reflect　about　a　hated　person；　without　feeling　and　exhibiting　signs　of　indignation　or　rage。　But　if　the　offending　person　be　quite　insignificant；　we　experience　merely　disdain　or　contempt。　　If；　on　the　other　hand；　he　is　all…powerful；　then　hatred　passes　into　terror；　as　when　a　slave　thinks　about　a　cruel　master；　or　a　savage　about　a　bloodthirsty　malignant　deity。＇1＇　Most　of　our　emotions　are　so　closely　connected　with　their　expression；　that　they　hardly　exist　if　the　body　remains　passivethe　nature　of　the　expression　depending　in　chief　part　on　the　nature　of　the　actions　which　have　been　habitually　performed　under　this　particular　state　of　the　mind。　A　man；　for　instance；　may　know　that　his　life　is　in　the　extremest　peril；　and　may　strongly　desire　to　save　if；　yet；　as　Louis　XVI。　said；　when　surrounded　by　a　fierce　mob；　〃Am　I　afraid？　feel　my　pulse。〃　So　a　man　may　intensely　hate　another；　but　until　his　bodily　frame　is　affected；　he　cannot　be　said　to　be　enraged。
  ＇1＇　See　some　remarks　to　this　effect　by　Mr。　Bain；　‘The　Emotions　and　the　Will；'　2nd　edit。　　1865；　p。　　127。
  _Rage_。I　have　already　had　occasion　to　treat　of　this　emotion　in　the　third　chapter；　when　discussing　the　direct　influence　of　the　excited　sensorium　on　the　body；　in　combination　with　the　effects　of　habitually　associated　actions。　　Rage　exhibits　itself　in　the　most　diversified　manner。　The　heart　and　circulation　are　always　affected；　the　face　reddens　or　becomes　purple；　with　the　veins　on　the　forehead　and　neck　distended。　The　reddening　of　the　skin　has　been　observed　with　the　copper…c