um。　This　was　ascertained　by　observing　the　crossed　double　image　of　a　distant　object。　　When　the　head　droops　forward；　as　often　occurs　with　a　man　absorbed　in　thought；　owing　to　the　general　relaxation　of　his　muscles；　if　the　plane　of　vision　be　still　horizontal；　the　eyes　are　necessarily　a　little　turned　upwards；　and　then　the　divergence　is　as　much　as　3'0；　or　3'0　5'：　if　the　eyes　are　turned　still　more　upwards；　it　amounts　to　between　6'0　and　7'0。　Professor　Donders　attributes　this　divergence　to　the　almost　complete　relaxation　of　certain　muscles　of　the　eyes；　which　would　be　apt　to　follow　from　the　mind　being　wholly　absorbed。＇6＇　The　active　condition　of　the　muscles　of　the　eyes　is　that　of　convergence；　and　Professor　Donders　remarks；　as　bearing　on　their　divergence　during　a　period　of　complete　abstraction；　that　when　one　eye　becomes　blind；　it　almost　always；　after　a　short　lapse　of　time；　deviates　outwards；　for　its　muscles　are　no　longer　used　in　moving　the　eyeball　inwards　for　the　sake　of　binocular　vision。
  ＇6＇　Gratiolet　remarks　（De　la　Phys。　　p。　　35）；　〃Quand　l'attention　est　fixee　sur　quelque　image　interieure；　l'oeil　regarde　dqns　le　vide　et　s'associe　automatiquement　a　la　contemplation　de　l'esprit。〃　But　this　view　hardly　deserves　to　be　called　an　explanation。
  Perplexed　reflection　is　often　accompanied　by　certain　movements　or　gestures。　　At　such　times　we　commonly　raise　our　hands　to　our　foreheads；　mouths；　or　chins；　but　we　do　not　act　thus；　as　far　as　I　have　seen；　when　we　are　quite　lost　in　meditation；　and　no　difficulty　is　encountered。　　Plautus；　describing　in　one　of　his　plays＇7＇　a　puzzled　man；　says；　〃Now　look；　he　has　pillared　his　chin　upon　his　hand。〃　　Even　so　trifling　and　apparently　unmeaning　a　gesture　as　the　raising　of　the　hand　to　the　face　has　been　observed　with　some　savages。　　Al。　　J。　Mansel　Weale　has　seen　it　with　the　Kafirs　of　South　Africa；　and　the　native　chief　Gaika　adds；　that　men　then　〃sometimes　pull　their　beards。〃　Mr。　Washington　Matthews；　who　attended　to　some　of　the　wildest　tribes　of　Indians　in　the　western　regions　of　the　United　States；　remarks　that　he　has　seen　them　when　concentrating　their　thoughts；　bring　their　〃hands；　usually　the　thumb　and　index　finger；　in　contact　with　some　part　of　the　face；　commonly　the　upper　lip。〃　We　can　understand　why　the　forehead　should　be　pressed　or　rubbed；　as　deep　thought　tries　the　brain；　but　why　the　hand　should　be　raised　to　the　mouth　or　face　is　far　from　clear。
  _Ill…temper_。We　have　seen　that　frowning　is　the　natural　expression　of　some　difficulty　encountered；　or　of　something　disagreeable　experienced　either　in　thought　or　action；　and　he　whose　mind　is　often　and　readily　affected　in　this　way；　will　be　apt　to　be　ill…tempered；　or　slightly　angry；　or　peevish；　and　will　commonly　show　it　by　frowning。　　But　a　cross　expression；　due　to　a　frown；　may　be　counteracted；　if　the　mouth　appears　sweet；　from　being　habitually　drawn　into　a　smile；　and　the　eyes　are　bright　and　cheerful。　So　it　will　be　if　the　eye　is　clear　and　steady；　and　there　is　the　appearance　of　earnest　reflection。　　Frowning；　with　some　depression　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　which　is　a　sign　of　grief；　gives　an　air　of　peevishness。　If　a　child　（see　Plate　IV。；　fig。　　2）＇8＇　frowns　much　whilst　crying；　but　does　not　strongly　contract　in　the　usual　manner　the　orbicular　muscles；　a　well…marked　expression　of　anger　or　even　of　rage；　together　with　misery；　is　displayed。
  ＇7＇　‘Miles　Gloriosus；'　act　ii。　　sc。　　2。
  If　the　whole　frowning　brow　be　drawn　much　downward　by　the　contraction　of　the　pyramidal　muscles　of　the　nose；　which　produces　transverse　wrinkles　or　folds　across　the　base　of　the　nose；　the　expression　becomes　one　of　moroseness。　　Duchenne　believes　that　the　contraction　of　this　muscle；　without　any　frowning；　gives　the　appearance　of　extreme　and　aggressive　hardness。＇9＇　But　I　much　doubt　whether　this　is　a　true　or　natural　expression。　I　have　shown　Duchenne's　photograph　of　a　young　man；　with　this　muscle　strongly　contracted　by　means　of　galvanism；　to　eleven　persons；　including　some　artists；　and　none　of　them　could　form　an　idea　what　was　intended；　except　one；　a　girl；　who　answered　correctly；　〃surely　reserve。〃　　When　I　first　looked　at　this　photograph；　knowing　what　was　intended；　my　imagination　added；　as　I　believe；　what　was　necessary；　namely；　a　frowning　brow；　and　consequently　the　expression　appeared　to　me　true　and　extremely　morose。
  ＇8＇　The　original　photograph　by　Herr　Kindermann　is　much　more　expressive　than　this　copy；　as　it　shows　the　frown　on　the　brow　more　plainly。
  ＇9＇　‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie　Humaine；'　Album；　Legende　iv。　　figs。　　16…18。
  A　firmly　closed　mouth；　in　addition　to　a　lowered　and　frowning　brow；　gives　determination　to　the　expression；　or　may　make　it　obstinate　and　sullen。　How　it　comes　that　the　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　gives　the　appearance　of　determination　will　presently　be　discussed。　　An　expression　of　sullen　obstinacy　has　been　clearly　recognized　by　my　informants；　in　the　natives　of　six　different　regions　of　Australia。　　It　is　well　marked；　according　to　Mr。　Scott；　with　the　Hindoos。　　It　has　been　recognized　with　the　Malays；　Chinese；　Kafirs；　Abyssinians；　and　in　a　conspicuous　degree；　according　to　Dr。　Rothrock；　with　the　wild　Indians　of　North　America；　and　according　to　Mr。　D。　Forbes；　with　the　Aymaras　of　Bolivia。　　I　have　also　observed　it　with　the　Araucanos　of　southern　Chili。　　Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　remarks　that　the　natives　of　Australia；　when　in　this　frame　of　mind；　sometimes　fold　their　arms　across　their　breasts；　an　attitude　which　may　be　seen　with　us。　A　firm　determination；　amounting　to　obstinacy；　is；　also；　sometimes　expressed　by　both　shoulders　being　kept　raised；　the　meaning　of　which　gesture　will　be　explained　in　the　following　chapter。
  With　young　children　sulkiness　is　shown　by　pouting；　or；　as　it　is　sometimes　called；　〃making　a　snout。〃＇10＇　When　the　corners　of　the　mouth　are　much　depressed；　the　lower　lip　is　a　little　everted　and　protruded；　and　this　is　likewise　called　a　pout。　But　the　pouting　here　referred　to；　consists　of　the　protrusion　of　both　lips　into　a　tubular　form；　sometimes　to　such　an　extent　as　to　project　as　far　as　the　end　of　the　nose；　if　this　be　short。　Pouting　is　generally　accompanied　by　frowning；　and　sometimes　by　the　utterance　of　a　booing　or　whooing　noise。　This　expression　is　remarkable；　as　almost　the　sole　one；　as　far　as　I　know；　which　is　exhibited　much　more　plainly　during　childhood；　at　least　with　Europeans；　than　during　maturity。　There　is；　however；　some　tendency　to　the　protrusion　of　the　lips　with　the　adults　of　all　races　under　the　influence　of　great　rage。　Some　children　pout　when　they　are　shy；　and　they　can　then　hardly　be　called　sulky。
  ＇10＇　Hensleigh　Wedgwood　on　‘The　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　78。
  From　inquiries　which　I　have　made　in　several　large　families；　pouting　does　not　seem　very　common　with　European　children；　but　it　prevails　throughout　the　world；　and　must　be　both　common　and　strongly　marked　with　most　savage　races；　as　it　has　caught　the　attention　of　many　observers。　　It　has　been　noticed　in　eight　different　districts　of　Australia；　and　one　of　my　informants　remarks　how　greatly　the　lips　of　the　children　are　then　protruded。　Two　observers　have　seen　pouting　with　the　children　of　Hindoos；　three；　with　those　of　the　Kafirs　and　Fingoes　of　South　Africa；　and　with　the　Hottentots；　and　two；　with　the　children　of　the　wild　Indians　of　North　America。　　Pouting　has　also　been　observed　with　the　Chinese；　Abyssinians；　Malays　of　Malacca；　Dyaks　of　Borneo；　and　often　with　the　New　Zealanders。　　Mr。　Mansel　Weale　informs　me　that　he　has　seen　the　lips　much　protruded；　not　only　with　the　children　of　the　Kafirs；　but　with　the　adults　of　both　sexes　when　sulky；　and　Mr。　Stack　has　sometimes　observed　the　same　thing　with　the　men；　and　very　frequently　with　the　women　of　New　Zealand。　　A　trace　of　the　same　expression　may　occasionally　be　detected　even　with　adult　Europeans。
  We　thus　see　that　the　protrusion　of　the　lips；　especially　with　young　children；　is　characteristic　of　sulkiness　throughout　the　greater　part　of　the　world。　This　movement　apparently　results　from　the　retention；　chiefly　during　youth；　of　a　primordial　habit；　or　from　an　occasional　reversion　to　it。　Young　orangs　and　chimpanzees　protrude　their　lips　to　an　extraordinary　degree；　as　described　in　a　former　chapter；　when　they　are　discontented；　somewhat　angry；　or　sulky；　also　when　they　are　surprised；　a　little　frightened；　and　even　when　slightly　pleased。　　Their　mouths　are　protruded　apparently　for　the　sake　of　making　the　various　noises　proper　to　these　several　states　of　mind；　and　its　shape；　as　I　observed　with　the　chimpanzee；　differed　slightly　when　the　cry　of　pleasure　and　that　of　anger　were　uttered。　　As　soon　as　these　animals　become　enraged；　the　shape　of　the　month　wholly　changes；　and　the　teeth　are　exposed。　　The　adult　orang　when　wounded　is　said　to　emit　〃a　singular　cry；　consisting　at　first　of　high　notes；　which　at　length　deepen　into　a　low　roar。　While　giving　out　the　high　notes　he　thrusts　out　his　lips　into　a　funnel　shape；　but　in　uttering　the　low　notes　he　holds　his　mouth　wide　open。〃＇11＇　With　the　gorilla；　the　lower　lip　is　said　to　be　capable　of　great　elongation。　If　then　our　semi…human　progenitors　protruded　their　lips　when　sulky　or　a　little　angered；　in　the　same　manner　as　do　the　existing　anthropoid　apes；　it　is　not　an　anomalous；　though　a　curious　fact；　that　our　children　should　exhibit；　when　similarly　affected；　a　trace　of　the　same　expression；　together　with　some　tendency