es　are　generally　somewhat　protruded；　especially　the　lower　one。　The　mouth　in　this　state　is　well　represented　in　the　two　photographs　（Plate　II。；　figs。　　6　and　7）　by　Mr。　Rejlander。　　The　upper　boy　（fig。　6）　had　just　stopped　crying；　after　receiving　a　slap　on　the　face　from　another　boy；　and　the　right　moment　was　seized　for　photographing　him。
  ＇6＇　Henle；　Handbuch　der　Anat。　　des　Menschen；　1858；　B。　i。　　s。　　148；　figs。　68　and　69。
  ＇7＇　See　the　account　of　the　action　of　this　muscle　by　Dr。　Duchenne；　‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie　Humaine；　Album　（1862）；　viii。　　p。　　34。
  The　expression　of　low　spirits；　grief　or　dejection；　due　to　the　contraction　of　this　muscle　has　been　noticed　by　every　one　who　has　written　on　the　subject。　To　say　that　a　person　〃is　down　in　the　mouth；〃　is　synonymous　with　saying　that　he　is　out　of　spirits。　　The　depression　of　the　corners　may　often　be　seen；　as　already　stated　on　the　authority　of　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　and　Mr。　Nicol；　with　the　melancholic　insane；　and　was　well　exhibited　in　some　photographs　sent　to　me　by　the　former　gentleman；　of　patients　with　a　strong　tendency　to　suicide。　It　has　been　observed　with　men　belonging　to　various　races；　namely　with　Hindoos；　the　dark　hill…tribes　of　India；　Malays；　and；　as　the　Rev。　Mr。　Hagenauer　informs　me；　with　the　aborigines　of　Australia。
  When　infants　scream　they　firmly　contract　the　muscles　round　their　eyes；　and　this　draws　up　the　upper　lip；　and　as　they　have　to　keep　their　mouths　widely　open；　the　depressor　muscles　running　to　the　corners　are　likewise　brought　into　strong　action。　This　generally；　but　not　invariably；　causes　a　slight　angular　bend　in　the　lower　lip　on　both　sides；　near　the　corners　of　the　mouth。　The　result　of　the　upper　and　lower　lip　being　thus　acted　on　is　that　the　mouth　assumes　a　squarish　outline。　　The　contraction　of　the　depressor　muscle　is　best　seen　in　infants　when　not　screaming　violently；　and　especially　just　before　they　begin；　or　when　they　cease　to　scream。　Their　little　faces　then　acquire　an　extremely　piteous　expression；　as　I　continually　observed　with　my　own　infants　between　the　ages　of　about　six　weeks　and　two　or　three　months。　　Sometimes；　when　they　are　struggling　against　a　crying…fit；　the　outline　of　the　mouth　is　curved　in　so　exaggerated　a　manner　as　to　be　like　a　horseshoe；　and　the　expression　of　misery　then　becomes　a　ludicrous　caricature。
  The　explanation　of　the　contraction　of　this　muscle；　under　the　influence　of　low　spirits　or　dejection；　apparently　follows　from　the　same　general　principles　as　in　the　case　of　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows。　Dr。　Duchenne　informs　me　that　he　concludes　from　his　observations；　now　prolonged　during　many　years；　that　this　is　one　of　the　facial　muscles　which　is　least　under　the　control　of　the　will。　　This　fact　may　indeed　be　inferred　from　what　has　just　been　stated　with　respect　to　infants　when　doubtfully　beginning　to　cry；　or　endeavouring　to　stop　crying；　for　they　then　generally　command　all　the　other　facial　muscles　more　effectually　than　they　do　the　depressors　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth。　Two　excellent　observers　who　had　no　theory　on　the　subject；　one　of　them　a　surgeon；　carefully　watched　for　me　some　older　children　and　women　as　with　some　opposed　struggling　they　very　gradually　approached　the　point　of　bursting　out　into　tears；　and　both　observers　felt　sure　that　the　depressors　began　to　act　before　any　of　the　other　muscles。　Now　as　the　depressors　have　been　repeatedly　brought　into　strong　action　during　infancy　in　many　generations；　nerve…force　will　tend　to　flow；　on　the　principle　of　long　associated　habit；　to　these　muscles　as　well　as　to　various　other　facial　muscles；　whenever　in　after　life　even　a　slight　feeling　of　distress　is　experienced。　But　as　the　depressors　are　somewhat　less　under　the　control　of　the　will　than　most　of　the　other　muscles；　we　might　expect　that　they　would　often　slightly　contract；　whilst　the　others　remained　passive。　It　is　remarkable　how　small　a　depression　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth　gives　to　the　countenance　an　expression　of　low　spirits　or　dejection；　so　that　an　extremely　slight　contraction　of　these　muscles　would　be　sufficient　to　betray　this　state　of　mind。
  I　may　here　mention　a　trifling　observation；　as　it　will　serve　to　sum　up　our　present　subject。　　An　old　lady　with　a　comfortable　but　absorbed　expression　sat　nearly　opposite　to　me　in　a　railway　carriage。　Whilst　I　was　looking　at　her；　I　saw　that　her　_depressores　anguli　oris_　became　very　slightly；　yet　decidedly；　contracted；　but　as　her　countenance　remained　as　placid　as　ever；　I　reflected　how　meaningless　was　this　contraction；　and　how　easily　one　might　be　deceived。　The　thought　had　hardly　occurred　to　me　when　I　saw　that　her　eyes　suddenly　became　suffused　with　tears　almost　to　overflowing；　and　her　whole　countenance　fell。　　There　could　now　be　no　doubt　that　some　painful　recollection；　perhaps　that　of　a　long…lost　child；　was　passing　through　her　mind。　　As　soon　as　her　sensorium　was　thus　affected；　certain　nerve…cells　from　long　habit　instantly　transmitted　an　order　to　all　the　respiratory　muscles；　and　to　those　round　the　mouth；　to　prepare　for　a　fit　of　crying。　But　the　order　was　countermanded　by　the　will；　or　rather　by　a　later　acquired　habit；　and　all　the　muscles　were　obedient；　excepting　in　a　slight　degree　the　_depressores　anguli　oris_。　The　mouth　was　not　even　opened；　the　respiration　was　not　hurried；　and　no　muscle　was　affected　except　those　which　draw　down　the　corners　of　the　mouth。
  As　soon　as　the　mouth　of　this　lady　began；　involuntarily　and　unconsciously　on　her　part；　to　assume　the　proper　form　for　a　crying…fit；　we　may　feel　almost　sure　that　some　nerve…influence　would　have　been　transmitted　through　the　long　accustomed　channels　to　the　various　respiratory　muscles；　as　well　as　to　those　round　the　eyes；　and　to　the　vaso…motor　centre　which　governs　the　supply　of　blood　sent　to　the　lacrymal　glands。　Of　this　latter　fact　we　have　indeed　clear　evidence　in　her　eyes　becoming　slightly　suffused　with　tears；　and　we　can　understand　this；　as　the　lacrymal　glands　are　less　under　the　control　of　the　will　than　the　facial　muscles。　No　doubt　there　existed　at　the　same　time　some　tendency　in　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　at　contract；　as　if　for　the　sake　of　protecting　them　from　being　gorged　with　blood；　but　this　contraction　was　completely　overmastered；　and　her　brow　remained　unruffled。　　Had　the　pyramidal；　corrugator；　and　orbicular　muscles　been　as　little　obedient　to　the　will；　as　they　are　in　many　persons；　they　would　have　been　slightly　acted　on；　and　then　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　would　have　contracted　in　antagonism；　and　her　eyebrows　would　have　become　oblique；　with　rectangular　furrows　on　her　forehead。　Her　countenance　would　then　have　expressed　still　more　plainly　than　it　did　a　state　of　dejection；　or　rather　one　of　grief。
  Through　steps　such　as　these　we　can　understand　how　it　is；　that　as　soon　as　some　melancholy　thought　passes　through　the　brain；　there　occurs　a　just　perceptible　drawing　down　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　or　a　slight　raising　up　of　the　inner　ends　of　the　eyebrows；　or　both　movements　combined；　and　immediately　afterwards　a　slight　suffusion　of　tears。　　A　thrill　of　nerve…force　is　transmitted　along　several　habitual　channels；　and　produces　an　effect　on　any　point　where　the　will　has　not　acquired　through　long　habit　much　power　of　interference。　The　above　actions　may　be　considered　as　rudimental　vestiges　of　the　screaming…fits；　which　are　so　frequent　and　prolonged　during　infancy。　In　this　case；　as　well　as　in　many　others；　the　links　are　indeed　wonderful　which　connect　cause　and　effect　in　giving　rise　to　various　expressions　on　the　human　countenance；　and　they　explain　to　us　the　meaning　of　certain　movements；　which　we　involuntarily　and　unconsciously　perform；　whenever　certain　transitory　emotions　pass　through　our　minds。　CHAPTER　VIII。
  Joy；　HIGH　SPIRITS；　LOVE；　TENDER　FEELINGS；　DEVOTION。
  Laughter　primarily　the　expression　of　joyLudicrous　ideas　Movements　of　the　features　during　laughterNature　of　the　sound　producedThe　secretion　of　tears　during　loud　laughter　Gradation　from　loud　laughter　to　gentle　smilingHigh　spirits　The　expression　of　loveTender　feelingsDevotion。
  JOY；　when　intense；　leads　to　various　purposeless　movements　to　dancing　about；　clapping　the　hands；　stamping；　&c。；　and　to　loud　laughter。　Laughter　seems　primarily　to　be　the　expression　of　mere　joy　or　happiness。　We　clearly　see　this　in　children　at　play；　who　are　almost　incessantly　laughing。　With　young　persons　past　childhood；　when　they　are　in　high　spirits；　there　is　always　much　meaningless　laughter。　　The　laughter　of　the　gods　is　described　by　Homer　as　〃the　exuberance　of　their　celestial　joy　after　their　daily　banquet。〃　A　man　smilesand　smiling；　as　we　shall　see；　graduates　into　laughter　at　meeting　an　old　friend　in　the　street；　as　he　does　at　any　trifling　pleasure；　such　as　smelling　a　sweet　perfume。＇1＇　Laura　Bridgman；　from　her　blindness　and　deafness；　could　not　have　acquired　any　expression　through　imitation；　yet　when　a　letter　from　a　beloved　friend　was　communicated　to　her　by　gesture…language；　she　〃laughed　and　clapped　her　hands；　and　the　colour　mounted　to　her　cheeks。〃　On　other　occasions　she　has　been　seen　to　stamp　for　joy。＇2＇
  ＇1＇　Herbert　Spencer；　‘Essays　Scientific；'　&c。；　1858；　p。　　360。
  Idiots　and　imbecile　persons　likewise　afford　good　evidence　that　laughter　or　smiling　primarily　expresses　mere　happiness　or　joy。　Dr。　Crichton　Browne；　to　whom；　as　on　so　many　other　occasions；　I　am　indebted　for　the　resu