I　first　noticed　this　fact　from　having　accidentally　brushed　with　the　cuff　of　my　coat　the　open　eye　of　one　of　my　infants；　when　seventy…seven　days　old；　causing　this　eye　to　water　freely；　and　though　the　child　screamed　violently；　the　other　eye　remained　dry；　or　was　only　slightly　suffused　with　tears。　A　similar　slight　effusion　occurred　ten　days　previously　in　both　eyes　during　a　screaming…fit。　The　tears　did　not　run　over　the　eyelids　and　roll　down　the　cheeks　of　this　child；　whilst　screaming　badly；　when　122　days　old。　This　first　happened　17　days　later；　at　the　age　of　139　days。　A　few　other　children　have　been　observed　for　me；　and　the　period　of　free　weeping　appears　to　be　very　variable。　　In　one　case；　the　eyes　became　slightly　suffused　at　the　age　of　only　20　days；　in　another；　at　62　days。　With　two　other　children；　the　tears　did　NOT　run　down　the　face　at　the　ages　of　84　and　110　days；　but　in　a　third　child　they　did　run　down　at　the　age　of　104　days。　In　one　instance；　as　I　was　positively　assured；　tears　ran　down　at　the　unusually　early　age　of　42　days。　　It　would　appear　as　if　the　lacrymal　glands　required　some　practice　in　the　individual　before　they　are　easily　excited　into　action；　in　somewhat　the　same　manner　as　various　inherited　consensual　movements　and　tastes　require　some　exercise　before　they　are　fixed　and　perfected。　This　is　all　the　more　likely　with　a　habit　like　weeping；　which　must　have　been　acquired　since　the　period　when　man　branched　off　from　the　common　progenitor　of　the　genus　Homo　and　of　the　non…weeping　anthropomorphous　apes。
  ＇7＇　Dr。　Duchenne　makes　this　remark；　ibid。　　p。　　39。
  The　fact　of　tears　not　being　shed　at　a　very　early　age　from　pain　or　any　mental　emotion　is　remarkable；　as；　later　in　life；　no　expression　is　more　general　or　more　strongly　marked　than　weeping。　　When　the　habit　has　once　been　acquired　by　an　infant；　it　expresses　in　the　clearest　manner　suffering　of　all　kinds；　both　bodily　pain　and　mental　distress；　even　though　accompanied　by　other　emotions；　such　as　fear　or　rage。　The　character　of　the　crying；　however；　changes　at　a　very　early　age；　as　I　noticed　in　my　own　infants；the　passionate　cry　differing　from　that　of　grief。　A　lady　informs　me　that　her　child；　nine　months　old；　when　in　a　passion　screams　loudly；　but　does　not　weep；　tears；　however；　are　shed　when　she　is　punished　by　her　chair　being　turned　with　its　back　to　the　table。　This　difference　may　perhaps　be　attributed　to　weeping　being　restrained；　as　we　shall　immediately　see；　at　a　more　advanced　age；　under　most　circumstances　excepting　grief；　and　to　the　influence　of　such　restraint　being　transmitted　to　an　earlier　period　of　life；　than　that　at　which　it　was　first　practised。
  With　adults；　especially　of　the　male　sex；　weeping　soon　ceases　to　be　caused　by；　or　to　express；　bodily　pain。　　This　may　be　accounted　for　by　its　being　thought　weak　and　unmanly　by　men；　both　of　civilized　and　barbarous　races；　to　exhibit　bodily　pain　by　any　outward　sign。　With　this　exception；　savages　weep　copiously　from　very　slight　causes；　of　which　fact　Sir　J。　Lubbock＇8＇　has　collected　instances。　A　New　Zealand　chief　〃cried　like　a　child　because　the　sailors　spoilt　his　favourite　cloak　by　powdering　it　with　flour。〃　I　saw　in　Tierra　del　Fuego　a　native　who　had　lately　lost　a　brother；　and　who　alternately　cried　with　hysterical　violence；　and　laughed　heartily　at　anything　which　amused　him。　　With　the　civilized　nations　of　Europe　there　is　also　much　difference　in　the　frequency　of　weeping。　Englishmen　rarely　cry；　except　under　the　pressure　of　the　acutest　grief；　whereas　in　some　parts　of　the　Continent　the　men　shed　tears　much　more　readily　and　freely。
  The　insane　notoriously　give　way　to　all　their　emotions　with　little　or　no　restraint；　and　I　am　informed　by　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne；　that　nothing　is　more　characteristic　of　simple　melancholia；　even　in　the　male　sex；　than　a　tendency　to　weep　on　the　slightest　occasions；　or　from　no　cause。　They　also　weep　disproportionately　on　the　occurrence　of　any　real　cause　of　grief。　　The　length　of　time　during　which　some　patients　weep　is　astonishing；　as　well　as　the　amount　of　tears　which　they　shed。　One　melancholic　girl　wept　for　a　whole　day；　and　afterwards　confessed　to　Dr。　Browne；　that　it　was　because　she　remembered　that　she　had　once　shaved　off　her　eyebrows　to　promote　their　growth。　　Many　patients　in　the　asylum　sit　for　a　long　time　rocking　themselves　backwards　and　forwards；　〃and　if　spoken　to；　they　stop　their　movements；　purse　up　their　eyes；　depress　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　and　burst　out　crying。〃　In　some　of　these　cases；　the　being　spoken　to　or　kindly　greeted　appears　to　suggest　some　fanciful　and　sorrowful　notion；　but　in　other　cases　an　effort　of　any　kind　excites　weeping；　independently　of　any　sorrowful　idea。　Patients　suffering　from　acute　mania　likewise　have　paroxysms　of　violent　crying　or　blubbering；　in　the　midst　of　their　incoherent　ravings。　We　must　not；　however；　lay　too　much　stress　on　the　copious　shedding　of　tears　by　the　insane；　as　being　due　to　the　lack　of　all　restraint；　for　certain　brain…diseases；　as　hemiplegia；　brain…wasting；　and　senile　decay；　have　a　special　tendency　to　induce　weeping。　Weeping　is　common　in　the　insane；　even　after　a　complete　state　of　fatuity　has　been　reached　and　the　power　of　speech　lost。　Persons　born　idiotic　likewise　weep；＇9＇　but　it　is　said　that　this　is　not　the　case　with　cretins。
  ＇8＇　‘The　Origin　of　Civilization；'　1870；　p。　　355。
  Weeping　seems　to　be　the　primary　and　natural　expression；　as　we　see　in　children；　of　suffering　of　any　kind；　whether　bodily　pain　short　of　extreme　agony；　or　mental　distress。　　But　the　foregoing　facts　and　common　experience　show　us　that　a　frequently　repeated　effort　to　restrain　weeping；　in　association　with　certain　states　of　the　mind；　does　much　in　checking　the　habit。　　On　the　other　hand；　it　appears　that　the　power　of　weeping　can　be　increased　through　habit；　thus　the　Rev。　R。　Taylor；＇10＇　who　long　resided　in　New　Zealand；　asserts　that　the　women　can　voluntarily　shed　tears　in　abundance；　they　meet　for　this　purpose　to　mourn　for　the　dead；　and　they　take　pride　in　crying　〃in　the　most　affecting　manner。〃
  A　single　effort　of　repression　brought　to　bear　on　the　lacrymal　glands　does　little；　and　indeed　seems　often　to　lead　to　an　opposite　result。　An　old　and　experienced　physician　told　me　that　he　had　always　found　that　the　only　means　to　check　the　occasional　bitter　weeping　of　ladies　who　consulted　him；　and　who　themselves　wished　to　desist；　was　earnestly　to　beg　them　not　to　try；　and　to　assure　them　that　nothing　would　relieve　them　so　much　as　prolonged　and　copious　crying。
  ＇9＇　See；　for　instance；　Mr。　Marshall's　account　of　an　idiot　in　Philosoph。　　Transact。　　1864；　p。　　526。　　With　respect　to　cretins；　see　Dr。　Piderit；　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　1867；　s。　　61。
  ＇10＇　‘New　Zealand　and　its　Inhabitants；'　1855；　p。　　175。
  The　screaming　of　infants　consists　of　prolonged　expirations；　with　short　and　rapid；　almost　spasmodic　inspirations；　followed　at　a　somewhat　more　advanced　age　by　sobbing。　　According　to　Gratiolet；＇11＇　the　glottis　is　chiefly　affected　during　the　act　of　sobbing。　This　sound　is　heard　〃at　the　moment　when　the　inspiration　conquers　the　resistance　of　the　glottis；　and　the　air　rushes　into　the　chest。〃　But　the　whole　act　of　respiration　is　likewise　spasmodic　and　violent。　The　shoulders　are　at　the　same　time　generally　raised；　as　by　this　movement　respiration　is　rendered　easier。　　With　one　of　my　infants；　when　seventy…seven　days　old；　the　inspirations　were　so　rapid　and　strong　that　they　approached　in　character　to　sobbing；　when　138　days　old　I　first　noticed　distinct　sobbing；　which　subsequently　followed　every　bad　crying…fit。　The　respiratory　movements　are　partly　voluntary　and　partly　involuntary；　and　I　apprehend　that　sobbing　is　at　least　in　part　due　to　children　having　some　power　to　command　after　early　infancy　their　vocal　organs　and　to　stop　their　screams；　but　from　having　less　power　over　their　respiratory　muscles；　these　continue　for　a　time　to　act　in　an　involuntary　or　spasmodic　manner；　after　having　been　brought　into　violent　action。　Sobbing　seems　to　be　peculiar　to　the　human　species；　for　the　keepers　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　assure　me　that　they　have　never　heard　a　sob　from　any　kind　of　monkey；　though　monkeys　often　scream　loudly　whilst　being　chased　and　caught；　and　then　pant　for　a　long　time。　We　thus　see　that　there　is　a　close　analogy　between　sobbing　and　the　free　shedding　of　tears；　for　with　children；　sobbing　does　not　commence　during　early　infancy；　but　afterwards　comes　on　rather　suddenly　and　then　follows　every　bad　crying…fit；　until　the　habit　is　checked　with　advancing　years。
  ＇11＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　1865；　p。　　126。
  _On　the　cause　of　the　contraction　of　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　during　screaming_。We　have　seen　that　infants　and　young　children；　whilst　screaming；　invariably　close　their　eyes　firmly；　by　the　contraction　of　the　surrounding　muscles；　so　that　the　skin　becomes　wrinkled　all　around。　With　older　children；　and　even　with　adults；　whenever　there　is　violent　and　unrestrained　crying；　a　tendency　to　the　contraction　of　these　same　muscles　may　be　observed；　though　this　is　often　checked　in　order　not　to　interfere　with　vision。
  Sir　C。　Bell　explains＇12＇　this　action　in　the　following　manner：〃During　every　violent　act　of　expiration；　whether　in　hearty　laughter；　weeping；　coughing；　or　sneezing；　the　eyeball　is　firmly　compressed　by　the　fibres　of　the　orbicularis；　and　this　is　a　provision　for　supporting　and　defending　the　vascular　system　of