ce；　ought　to　refer　to　p。　　24；　and　look　at　the　woodcuts　1　to　3。　The　corrugators　of　the　brow　（_corrugator　supercilii_）　seem　to　be　the　first　muscles　to　contract；　and　these　draw　the　eyebrows　downwards　and　inwards　towards　the　base　of　the　nose；　causing　vertical　furrows；　that　is　a　frown；　to　appear　between　the　eyebrows；　at　the　same　time　they　cause　the　disappearance　of　the　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　forehead。　　The　orbicular　muscles　contract　almost　simultaneously　with　the　corrugators；　and　produce　wrinkles　all　round　the　eyes；　they　appear；　however；　to　be　enabled　to　contract　with　greater　force；　as　soon　as　the　contraction　of　the　corrugators　has　given　them　some　support。　　Lastly；　the　pyramidal　muscles　of　the　nose　contract；　and　these　draw　the　eyebrows　and　the　skin　of　the　forehead　still　lower　down；　producing　short　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　base　of　the　nose。＇2＇　For　the　sake　of　brevity　these　muscles　will　generally　be　spoken　of　as　the　orbiculars；　or　as　those　surrounding　the　eyes。
  ＇1＇　The　best　photographs　in　my　collection　are　by　Mr。　Rejlander；　of　Victoria　Street；　London；　and　by　Herr　Kindermann；　of　Hamburg。　　Figs。　　1；　3；　4；　and　6　are　by　the　former；　and　figs。　2　and　5；　by　the　latter　gentleman。　　Fig。　　6　is　given　to　show　moderate　crying　in　an　older　child。
  When　these　muscles　are　strongly　contracted；　those　running　to　the　upper　lip＇3＇　likewise　contract　and　raise　the　upper　lip。　This　might　have　been　expected　from　the　manner　in　which　at　least　one　of　them；　the　_malaris_；　is　connected　with　the　orbiculars。　Any　one　who　will　gradually　contract　the　muscles　round　his　eyes；　will　feel；　as　he　increases　the　force；　that　his　upper　lip　and　the　wings　of　his　nose　（which　are　partly　acted　on　by　one　of　the　same　muscles）　are　almost　always　a　little　drawn　up。　If　he　keeps　his　mouth　firmly　shut　whilst　contracting　the　muscles　round　the　eyes；　and　then　suddenly　relaxes　his　lips；　he　will　feel　that　the　pressure　on　his　eyes　immediately　increases。　So　again　when　a　person　on　a　bright；　glaring　day　wishes　to　look　at　a　distant　object；　but　is　compelled　partially　to　close　his　eyelids；　the　upper　lip　may　almost　always　be　observed　to　be　somewhat　raised。　The　mouths　of　some　very　short…sighted　persons；　who　are　forced　habitually　to　reduce　the　aperture　of　their　eyes；　wear　from　this　same　reason　a　grinning　expression。
  ＇2＇　Henle　（‘Handbuch　d。　　Syst。　　Anat。　　1858；　B。　i。　　s。　　139）　agrees　with　Duchenne　that　this　is　the　effect　of　the　contraction　of　the　_pyramidalis　nasi_。
  ＇3＇　These　consist　of　the　_levator　labii　superioris　alaeque　nasi_；　the　_levator　labii　proprius_；　the　_malaris_；　and　the　_zygomaticus　minor_；　or　little　zygomatic。　　This　latter　muscle　runs　parallel　to　and　above　the　great　zygomatic；　and　is　attached　to　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip。　It　is　represented　in　fig。　　2　（I。　p。　　24）；　but　not　in　figs。　1　and　3。　　Dr。　Duchenne　first　showed　（‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie　Humaine；'　Album；　1862；　p。　　39）　the　importance　of　the　contraction　of　this　muscle　in　the　shape　assumed　by　the　features　in　crying。　Henle　considers　the　above…named　muscles　（excepting　the　_malaris_）　as　subdivisions　of　the　q_uadratus　labii　superioris_。
  The　raising　of　the　upper　lip　draws　upwards　the　flesh　of　the　upper　parts　of　the　cheeks；　and　produces　a　strongly　marked　fold　on　each　cheek；the　naso…labial　fold；which　runs　from　near　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　to　the　corners　of　the　mouth　and　below　them。　This　fold　or　furrow　may　be　seen　in　all　the　photographs；　and　is　very　characteristic　of　the　expression　of　a　crying　child；　though　a　nearly　similar　fold　is　produced　in　the　act　of　laughing　or　Smiling。＇4＇
  ＇4＇　Although　Dr。　Duchenne　has　so　carefully　studied　the　contraction　of　the　different　muscles　during　the　act　of　crying；　and　the　furrows　on　the　face　thus　produced；　there　seems　to　be　something　incomplete　in　his　account；　but　what　this　is　I　cannot　say。　He　has　given　a　figure　（Album；　fig。　　48）　in　which　one　half　of　the　face　is　made；　by　galvanizing　the　proper　muscles；　to　smile；　whilst　the　other　half　is　similarly　made　to　begin　crying。　Almost　all　those　（viz。　nineteen　out　of　twenty…one　persons）　to　whom　I　showed　the　smiling　half　of　the　face　instantly　recognized　the　expression；　but；　with　respect　to　the　other　half；　only　six　persons　out　of　twenty…one　recognized　it；that　is；　if　we　accept　such　terms　as　〃grief；〃　〃misery；〃　〃annoyance；〃　as　correct；whereas；　fifteen　persons　were　ludicrously　mistaken；　some　of　them　saying　the　face　expressed　〃fun；〃　〃satisfaction；〃　〃cunning；〃　〃disgust；〃　&c。　We　may　infer　from　this　that　there　is　something　wrong　in　the　expression。　　Some　of　the　fifteen　persons　may；　however；　have　been　partly　misled　by　not　expecting　to　see　an　old　man　crying；　and　by　tears　not　being　secreted。　With　respect　to　another　figure　by　Dr。　Duchenne　（fig。　49）；　in　which　the　muscles　of　half　the　face　are　galvanized　in　order　to　represent　a　man　beginning　to　cry；　with　the　eyebrow　on　the　same　side　rendered　oblique；　which　is　characteristic　of　misery；　the　expression　was　recognized　by　a　greater　proportional　number　of　persons。　Out　of　twenty…three　persons；　fourteen　answered　correctly；　〃sorrow；〃　〃distress；〃　〃grief；〃　〃just　going　to　cry；〃　〃endurance　of　pain；〃　&c。　On　the　other　hand；　nine　persons　either　could　form　no　opinion　or　were　entirely　wrong；　answering；　〃cunning　leer；〃　〃jocund；〃　〃looking　at　an　intense　light；〃　〃looking　at　a　distant　object；〃　&c。
  As　the　upper　lip　is　much　drawn　up　during　the　act　of　screaming；　in　the　manner　just　explained；　the　depressor　muscles　of　the　angles　of　the　mouth　（see　K　in　woodcuts　1　and　2）　are　strongly　contracted　in　order　to　keep　the　mouth　widely　open；　so　that　a　full　volume　of　sound　may　be　poured　forth。　The　action　of　these　opposed　muscles；　above　and　below；　tends　to　give　to　the　mouth　an　oblong；　almost　squarish　outline；　as　may　be　seen　in　the　accompanying　photographs。　　An　excellent　observer；＇5＇　in　describing　a　baby　crying　whilst　being　fed；　says；　〃it　made　its　mouth　like　a　square；　and　let　the　porridge　run　out　at　all　four　corners。〃　I　believe；　but　we　shall　return　to　this　point　in　a　future　chapter；　that　the　depressor　muscles　of　the　angles　of　the　mouth　are　less　under　the　separate　control　of　the　will　than　the　adjoining　muscles；　so　that　if　a　young　child　is　only　doubtfully　inclined　to　cry；　this　muscle　is　generally　the　first　to　contract；　and　is　the　last　to　cease　contracting。　When　older　children　commence　crying；　the　muscles　which　run　to　the　upper　lip　are　often　the　first　to　contract；　and　this　may　perhaps　be　due　to　older　children　not　having　so　strong　a　tendency　to　scream　loudly；　and　consequently　to　keep　their　mouths　widely　open；　so　that　the　above…named　depressor　muscles　are　not　brought　into　such　strong　action。
  ＇5＇　Mrs。　Gaskell；　‘Mary　Barton；'　new　edit。　　p。　　84。
  With　one　of　my　own　infants；　from　his　eighth　day　and　for　some　time　afterwards；　I　often　observed　that　the　first　sign　of　a　screaming…fit；　when　it　could　be　observed　coming　on　gradually；　was　a　little　frown；　owing　to　the　contraction　of　the　corrugators　of　the　brows；　the　capillaries　of　the　naked　head　and　face　becoming　at　the　same　time　reddened　with　blood。　　As　soon　as　the　screaming…fit　actually　began；　all　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　were　strongly　contracted；　and　the　mouth　widely　opened　in　the　manlier　above　described；　so　that　at　this　early　period　the　features　assumed　the　same　form　as　at　a　more　advanced　age。
  Dr。　Piderit＇6＇　lays　great　stress　on　the　contraction　of　certain　muscles　which　draw　down　the　nose　and　narrow　the　nostrils；　as　eminently　characteristic　of　a　crying　expression。　The　_depressores　anguli　oris_；　as　we　have　just　seen；　are　usually　contracted　at　the　same　time；　and　they　indirectly　tend；　according　to　Dr。　Duchenne；　to　act　in　this　same　manner　on　the　nose。　With　children　having　bad　colds　a　similar　pinched　appearance　of　the　nose　may　be　noticed；　which　is　at　least　partly　due；　as　remarked　to　me　by　Dr。　Langstaff；　to　their　constant　snuffling；　and　the　consequent　pressure　of　the　atmosphere　on　the　two　sides。　The　purpose　of　this　contraction　of　the　nostrils　by　children　having　bad　colds；　or　whilst　crying；　seems　to　be　to　cheek　the　downward　flow　of　the　mucus　and　tears；　and　to　prevent　these　fluids　spreading　over　the　upper　lip。
  After　a　prolonged　and　severe　screaming…fit；　the　scalp；　face；　and　eyes　are　reddened；　owing　to　the　return　of　the　blood　from　the　head　having　been　impeded　by　the　violent　expiratory　efforts；　but　the　redness　of　the　stimulated　eyes　is　chiefly　due　to　the　copious　effusion　of　tears。　The　various　muscles　of　the　face　which　have　been　strongly　contracted；　still　twitch　a　little；　and　the　upper　lip　is　still　slightly　drawn　up　or　everted；＇7＇　with　the　corners　of　the　mouth　still　a　little　drawn　downwards。　I　have　myself　felt；　and　have　observed　in　other　grown…up　persons；　that　when　tears　are　restrained　with　difficulty；　as　in　reading　a　pathetic　story；　it　is　almost　impossible　to　prevent　the　various　muscles。　which　with　young　children　are　brought　into　strong　action　during　their　screaming…fits；　from　slightly　twitching　or　trembling。
  ＇6＇　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　1867；　s。　　102。　　Duchenne；　Mecanisme　de　la　Phys。　　Humaine；　Album；　p。　　34。
  Infants　whilst　young　do　not　shed　tears　or　weep；　as　is　well　known　to　nurses　and　medical　men。　　This　circumstance　is　not　exclusively　due　to　the　lacrymal　glands　being　as　yet　incapable　of　secreting　tears。　I　first　noticed　this　fact　from　having　accidentally　brushed　with　the　cuff　of　my　coat　the　open　eye　of