ing；　but　they　likewise　bite　each　other；　and　I　have　known　one　to　bite　off　half　the　tail　of　its　antagonist。　At　the　commencement　of　their　battles　they　lay　back　their　ears；　but　afterwards；　as　they　bound　over　and　kick　each　other；　they　keep　their　ears　erect；　or　move　them　much　about。
  ＇33＇　‘The　Sportsman　and　Naturalist　in　Canada；'　1866；　p。　　53。　　p。　　53。｛sic｝
  Mr。　Bartlett　watched　a　wild　boar　quarrelling　rather　savagely　with　his　sow；　and　both　had　their　mouths　open　and　their　ears　drawn　backwards。　But　this　does　not　appear　to　be　a　common　action　with　domestic　pigs　when　quarrelling。　　Boars　fight　together　by　striking　upwards　with　their　tusks；　and　Mr。　Bartlett　doubts　whether　they　then　draw　back　their　ears。　Elephants；　which　in　like　manner　fight　with　their　tusks；　do　not　retract　their　ears；　but；　on　the　contrary；　erect　them　when　rushing　at　each　other　or　at　an　enemy。
  The　rhinoceroses　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　fight　with　their　nasal　horns；　and　have　never　been　seen　to　attempt　biting　each　other　except　in　play；　and　the　keepers　are　convinced　that　they　do　not　draw　back　their　ears；　like　horses　and　dogs；　when　feeling　savage。　　The　following　statement；　therefore；　by　Sir　S。　Baker＇34＇　is　inexplicable；　namely；　that　a　rhinoceros；　which　he　shot　in　North　Africa；　〃had　no　ears；　they　had　been　bitten　off　close　to　the　head　by　another　of　the　same　species　while　fighting；　and　this　mutilation　is　by　no　means　uncommon。〃
  Lastly；　with　respect　to　monkeys。　　Some　kinds；　which　have　moveable　ears；　and　which　fight　with　their　teethfor　instance　the　_Cereopithecus　ruber_　draw　back　their　ears　when　irritated　just　like　dogs；　and　they　then　have　a　very　spiteful　appearance。　　Other　kinds；　as　the　_Inuus　ecaudatus_；　apparently　do　not　thus　act。　　Again；　other　kindsand　this　is　a　great　anomaly　in　comparison　with　most　other　animalsretract　their　ears；　show　their　teeth；　and　jabber；　when　they　are　pleased　by　being　caressed。　　I　observed　this　in　two　or　three　species　of　Macacus；　and　in　the　_Cynopithecus　niger_。　This　expression；　owing　to　our　familiarity　with　dogs；　would　never　be　recognized　as　one　of　joy　or　pleasure　by　those　unacquainted　with　monkeys。
  ＇34＇　‘The　Nile　Tributaries　of　Abyssinia；'　1867；　p。　　443。
  _Erection　of　the　Ears_。This　movement　requires　hardly　any　notice。　All　animals　which　have　the　power　of　freely　moving　their　ears；　when　they　are　startled；　or　when　they　closely　observe　any　object；　direct　their　ears　to　the　point　towards　which　they　are　looking；　in　order　to　hear　any　sound　from　this　quarter。　　At　the　same　time　they　generally　raise　their　heads；　as　all　their　organs　of　sense　are　there　situated；　and　some　of　the　smaller　animals　rise　on　their　hind…legs。　Even　those　kinds　which　squat　on　the　ground　or　instantly　flee　away　to　avoid　danger；　generally　act　momentarily　in　this　manner；　in　order　to　ascertain　the　source　and　nature　of　the　danger。　The　head　being　raised；　with　erected　ears　and　eyes　directed　forwards；　gives　an　unmistakable　expression　of　close　attention　to　any　animal。　CHAPTER　V。
  SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　ANIMALS。
  The　Dog；　various　expressive　movements　ofCatsHorsesRuminantsMonkeys；　their　expression　of　joy　and　affectionOf　painAngerAstonishment　and　Terror。
  _The　Dog_。I　have　already　described　（figs。　5　and　1）　the　appearance　of　a　dog　approaching　another　dog　with　hostile　intentions；　namely；　with　erected　ears；　eyes　intently　directed　forwards；　hair　on　the　neck　and　back　bristling；　gait　remarkably　stiff；　with　the　tail　upright　and　rigid。　　So　familiar　is　this　appearance　to　us；　that　an　angry　man　is　sometimes　said　〃to　have　his　back　up。〃　Of　the　above　points；　the　stiff　gait　and　upright　tail　alone　require　further　discussion。　　Sir　C。　Bell　remarks＇1＇　that；　when　a　tiger　or　wolf　is　struck　by　its　keeper　and　is　suddenly　roused　to　ferocity；　every　muscle　is　in　tension；　and　the　limbs　are　in　an　attitude　of　strained　exertion；　prepared　to　spring。　This　tension　of　the　muscles　and　consequent　stiff　gait　may　be　accounted　for　on　the　principle　of　associated　habit；　for　anger　has　continually　led　to　fierce　struggles；　and　consequently　to　all　the　muscles　of　the　body　having　been　violently　exerted。　There　is　also　reason　to　suspect　that　the　muscular　system　requires　some　short　preparation；　or　some　degree　of　innervation；　before　being　brought　into　strong　action。　My　own　sensations　lead　me　to　this　inference；　but　I　cannot　discover　that　it　is　a　conclusion　admitted　by　physiologists。　Sir　J。　Paget；　however；　informs　me　that　when　muscles　are　suddenly　contracted　with　the　greatest　force；　without　any　preparation；　they　are　liable　to　be　ruptured；　as　when　a　man　slips　unexpectedly；　but　that　this　rarely　occurs　when　an　action；　however　violent；　is　deliberately　performed。
  ＇1＇　‘The　Anatomy　of　Expression；'　1844；　p。　　190。
  With　respect　to　the　upright　position　of　the　tail；　it　seems　to　depend　（but　whether　this　is　really　the　case　I　know　not）　on　the　elevator　muscles　being　more　powerful　than　the　depressors；　so　that　when　all　the　muscles　of　the　hinder　part　of　the　body　are　in　a　state　of　tension；　the　tail　is　raised。　A　dog　in　cheerful　spirits；　and　trotting　before　his　master　with　high；　elastic　steps；　generally　carries　his　tail　aloft；　though　it　is　not　held　nearly　so　stiffly　as　when　he　is　angered。　　A　horse　when　first　turned　out　into　an　open　field；　may　be　seen　to　trot　with　long　elastic　strides；　the　head　and　tail　being　held　high　aloft。　　Even　cows　when　they　frisk　about　from　pleasure；　throw　up　their　tails　in　a　ridiculous　fashion。　So　it　is　with　various　animals　in　the　Zoological　Gardens。　　The　position　of　the　tail；　however；　in　certain　cases；　is　determined　by　special　circumstances；　thus　as　soon　as　a　horse　breaks　into　a　gallop；　at　full　speed；　he　always　lowers　his　tail；　so　that　as　little　resistance　as　possible　may　be　offered　to　the　air。
  When　a　dog　is　on　the　point　of　springing　on　his　antagonist；　be　utters　a　savage　growl；　the　ears　are　pressed　closely　backwards；　and　the　upper　lip　（fig。　14）　is　retracted　out　of　the　way　of　his　teeth；　especially　of　his　canines。　　These　movements　may　be　observed　with　dogs　and　puppies　in　their　play。　　But　if　a　dog　gets　really　savage　in　his　play；　his　expression　immediately　changes。　　This；　however；　is　simply　due　to　the　lips　and　ears　being　drawn　back　with　much　greater　energy。　If　a　dog　only　snarls　at　another；　the　lip　is　generally　retracted　on　one　side　alone；　namely　towards　his　enemy。
  The　movements　of　a　dog　whilst　exhibiting　affection　towards　his　master　were　described　（figs。　6　and　8）　in　our　second　chapter。　These　consist　in　the　head　and　whole　body　being　lowered　and　thrown　into　flexuous　movements；　with　the　tail　extended　and　wagged　from　side　to　side。　The　ears　fall　down　and　are　drawn　somewhat　backwards；　which　causes　the　eyelids　to　be　elongated；　and　alters　the
  ｛illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　14。Head　of　snarling　Dog。　　From　life；　by　Mr。　Wood。　　whole　appearance　of　the　face。　The　lips　hang　loosely；　and　the　hair　remains　smooth。　All　these　movements　or　gestures　are　explicable；　as　I　believe；　from　their　standing　in　complete　antithesis　to　those　naturally　assumed　by　a　savage　dog　under　a　directly　opposite　state　of　mind。　When　a　man　merely　speaks　to；　or　just　notices；　his　dog；we　see　the　last　vestige　of　these　movements　in　a　slight　wag　of　the　tail；　without　any　other　movement　of　the　body；　and　without　even　the　ears　being　lowered。　　Dogs　also　exhibit　their　affection　by　desiring　to　rub　against　their　masters；　and　to　be　rubbed　or　patted　by　them。　Gratiolet　explains　the　above　gestures　of　affection　in　the　following　manner：　　and　the　reader　can　judge　whether　the　explanation　appears　satisfactory。　　Speaking　of　animals　in　general；　including　the　dog；　he　says；＇2＇　〃C'est　toujours　la　partie　la　plus　sensible　de　leurs　corps　qui　recherche　les　caresses　ou　les　donne。　Lorsque　toute　la　longueur　des　flancs　et　du　corps　est　sensible；　l'animal　serpente　et　rampe　sous　les　caresses；　et　ces　ondulations　se　propageant　le　long　des　muscles　analogues　des　segments　jusqu'aux　extremites　de　la　colonne　vertebrale；　la　queue　se　ploie　et　s'agite。〃　Further　on；　he　adds；　that　dogs；　when　feeling　affectionate；　lower　their　ears　in　order　to　exclude　all　sounds；　so　that　their　whole　attention　may　be　concentrated　on　the　caresses　of　their　master！　Dogs　have　another　and　striking　way　of　exhibiting　their　affection；　namely；　by　licking　the　hands　or　faces　of　their　masters。　They　sometimes　lick　other　dogs；　and　then　it　is　always　their　chops。　I　have　also　seen　dogs　licking　cats　with　whom　they　were　friends。　This　habit　probably　originated　in　the　females　carefully　licking　their　puppiesthe　dearest　object　of　their　lovefor　the　sake　of　cleansing　them。　　They　also　often　give　their　puppies；　after　a　short　absence；　a　few　cursory　licks；　apparently　from　affection。　Thus　the　habit　will　have　become　associated　with　the　emotion　of　love；　however　it　may　afterwards　be　aroused。　　It　is　now　so　firmly　inherited　or　innate；　That　it　is　transmitted　equally　to　both　sexes。　A　female　terrier　of　mine　lately　had　her　puppies　destroyed；　and　though　at　all　times　a　very　affectionate　creature；　I　was　much　struck　with　the　manner　in　which　she　then　tried　to　satisfy　her　instinctive　maternal　love　by　expending　it　on　me；　and　her　desire　to　lick　my　hands　rose　to　an　insatiable　passion。　＇1＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　1865；　pp。　　187；　218。The　same　principle　probably　explains　why　dogs；　when　feeling　affectionate；　like　rubbing　against　their　masters　and　being　rubbed　or　patted　by　them；　for　from　the　nursing　of