f　condition　of　whatever　kind　sets　the　nervous　principle　into　action。〃　　See　Virchow　and　Bernard　on　the　same　subject　in　passages　in　the　two　works　referred　to　in　my　last　foot…note。
  ＇7＇　H。　Spencer；　‘Essays；　Scientific；　Political；'　&c。；　Second　Series；　1863；　pp。　　109；　111。
  ＇8＇　Sir　H。　Holland；　in　speaking　（‘Medical　Notes　and　Reflexions；'　1839；　p。　　328）　of　that　curious　state　of　body　called　the　_fidgets_；　remarks　that　it　seems　due　to　〃an　accumulation　of　some　cause　of　irritation　which　requires　muscular　action　for　its　relief。〃
  Another　principle；　namely；　the　internal　consciousness　that　the　power　or　capacity　of　the　nervous　system　is　limited；　will　have　strengthened；　though　in　a　subordinate　degree；　the　tendency　to　violent　action　under　extreme　suffering。　A　man　cannot　think　deeply　and　exert　his　utmost　muscular　force。　As　Hippocrates　long　ago　observed；　if　two　pains　are　felt　at　the　same　time；　the　severer　one　dulls　the　other。　Martyrs；　in　the　ecstasy　of　their　religious　fervour　have　often；　as　it　would　appear；　been　insensible　to　the　most　horrid　tortures。　Sailors　who　are　going　to　be　flogged　sometimes　take　a　piece　of　lead　into　their　mouths；　in　order　to　bite　it　with　their　utmost　force；　and　thus　to　bear　the　pain。　　Parturient　women　prepare　to　exert　their　muscles　to　the　utmost　in　order　to　relieve　their　sufferings。
  We　thus　see　that　the　undirected　radiation　of　nerve…force　from　the　nerve…cells　which　are　first　affectedthe　long…continued　habit　of　attempting　by　struggling　to　escape　from　the　cause　of　suffering　and　the　consciousness　that　voluntary　muscular　exertion　relieves　pain；　have　all　probably　concurred　in　giving　a　tendency　to　the　most　violent；　almost　convulsive；　movements　under　extreme　suffering；　and　such　movements；　including　those　of　the　vocal　organs；　are　universally　recognized　as　highly　expressive　of　this　condition。
  As　the　mere　touching　of　a　sensitive　nerve　reacts　in　a　direct　manner　on　the　heart；　severe　pain　will　obviously　react　on　it　in　like　manner；　but　far　more　energetically。　　Nevertheless；　even　in　this　case；　we　must　not　overlook　the　indirect　effects　of　habit　on　the　heart；　as　we　shall　see　when　we　consider　the　signs　of　rage。
  When　a　man　suffers　from　an　agony　of　pain；　the　perspiration　often　trickles　down　his　face；　and　I　have　been　assured　by　a　veterinary　surgeon　that　he　has　frequently　seen　drops　falling　from　the　belly　and　running　down　the　inside　of　the　thighs　of　horses；　and　from　the　bodies　of　cattle；　when　thus　suffering。　He　has　observed　this；　when　there　has　been　no　struggling　which　would　account　for　the　perspiration。　　The　whole　body　of　the　female　hippopotamus；　before　alluded　to；　was　covered　with　red…coloured　perspiration　whilst　giving　birth　to　her　young。　So　it　is　with　extreme　fear；　the　same　veterinary　has　often　seen　horses　sweating　from　this　cause；　as　has　Mr。　Bartlett　with　the　rhinoceros；　and　with　man　it　is　a　well…known　symptom。　The　cause　of　perspiration　bursting　forth　in　these　cases　is　quite　obscure；　but　it　is　thought　by　some　physiologists　to　be　connected　with　the　failing　power　of　the　capillary　circulation；　and　we　know　that　the　vasomotor　system；　which　regulates　the　capillary　circulation；　is　much　influenced　by　the　mind。　With　respect　to　the　movements　of　certain　muscles　of　the　face　under　great　suffering；　as　well　as　from　other　emotions；　these　will　be　best　considered　when　we　treat　of　the　special　expressions　of　man　and　of　the　lower　animals。
  We　will　now　turn　to　the　characteristic　symptoms　of　Rage。　　Under　this　powerful　emotion　the　action　of　the　heart　is　much　accelerated；＇9＇　or　it　may　be　much　disturbed。　　The　face　reddens；　or　it　becomes　purple　from　the　impeded　return　of　the　blood；　or　may　turn　deadly　pale。　The　respiration　is　laboured；　the　chest　heaves；　and　the　dilated　nostrils　quiver。　　The　whole　body　often　trembles。　　The　voice　is　affected。　The　teeth　are　clenched　or　ground　together；　and　the　muscular　system　is　commonly　stimulated　to　violent；　almost　frantic　action。　But　the　gestures　of　a　man　in　this　state　usually　differ　from　the　purposeless　writhings　and　struggles　of　one　suffering　from　an　agony　of　pain；　for　they　represent　more　or　less　plainly　the　act　of　striking　or　fighting　with　an　enemy。
  All　these　signs　of　rage　are　probably　in　large　part；　and　some　of　them　appear　to　be　wholly；　due　to　the　direct　action　of　the　excited　sensorium。　But　animals　of　all　kinds；　and　their　progenitors　before　them；　when　attacked　or　threatened　by　an　enemy；　have　exerted　their　utmost　powers　in　fighting　and　in　defending　themselves。　　Unless　an　animal　does　thus　act；　or　has　the　intention；　or　at　least　the　desire；　to　attack　its　enemy；　it　cannot　properly　be　said　to　be　enraged。　An　inherited　habit　of　muscular　exertion　will　thus　have　been　gained　in　association　with　rage；　and　this　will　directly　or　indirectly　affect　various　organs；　in　nearly　the　same　manner　as　does　great　bodily　suffering。
  ＇9＇　I　am　much　indebted　to　Mr。　A。　H。　Garrod　for　having　informed　me　of　M。　Lorain's　work　on　the　pulse；　in　which　a　sphygmogram　of　a　woman　in　a　rage　is　given；　and　this　shows　much　difference　in　the　rate　and　other　characters　from　that　of　the　same　woman　in　her　ordinary　state。
  The　heart　no　doubt　will　likewise　be　affected　in　a　direct　manner；　but　it　will　also　in　all　probability　be　affected　through　habit；　and　all　the　more　so　from　not　being　under　the　control　of　the　will。　We　know　that　any　great　exertion　which　we　voluntarily　make；　affects　the　heart；　through　mechanical　and　other　principles　which　need　not　here　be　considered；　and　it　was　shown　in　the　first　chapter　that　nerve…force　flows　readily　through　habitually　used　channels；through　the　nerves　of　voluntary　or　involuntary　movement；　and　through　those　of　sensation。　Thus　even　a　moderate　amount　of　exertion　will　tend　to　act　on　the　heart；　and　on　the　principle　of　association；　of　which　so　many　instances　have　been　given；　we　may　feel　nearly　sure　that　any　sensation　or　emotion；　as　great　pain　or　rage；　which　has　habitually　led　to　much　muscular　action；　will　immediately　influence　the　flow　of　nerve…force　to　the　heart；　although　there　may　not　be　at　the　time　any　muscular　exertion。
  The　heart；　as　I　have　said；　will　be　all　the　more　readily　affected　through　habitual　associations；　as　it　is　not　under　the　control　of　the　will。　A　man　when　moderately　angry；　or　even　when　enraged；　may　command　the　movements　of　his　body；　but　he　cannot　prevent　his　heart　from　beating　rapidly。　His　chest　will　perhaps　give　a　few　heaves；　and　his　nostrils　just　quiver；　for　the　movements　of　respiration　are　only　in　part　voluntary。　In　like　manner　those　muscles　of　the　face　which　are　least　obedient　to　the　will；　will　sometimes　alone　betray　a　slight　and　passing　emotion。　The　glands　again　are　wholly　independent　of　the　will；　and　a　man　suffering　from　grief　may　command　his　features；　but　cannot　always　prevent　the　tears　from　coming　into　his　eyes。　　A　hungry　man；　if　tempting　food　is　placed　before　him；　may　not　show　his　hunger　by　any　outward　gesture；　but　he　cannot　check　the　secretion　of　saliva。
  Under　a　transport　of　Joy　or　of　vivid　Pleasure；　there　is　a　strong　tendency　to　various　purposeless　movements；　and　to　the　utterance　of　various　sounds。　We　see　this　in　our　young　children；　in　their　loud　laughter；　clapping　of　hands；　and　jumping　for　joy；　in　the　bounding　and　barking　of　a　dog　when　going　out　to　walk　with　his　master；　and　in　the　frisking　of　a　horse　when　turned　out　into　an　open　field。　　Joy　quickens　the　circulation；　and　this　stimulates　the　brain；　which　again　reacts　on　the　whole　body。　The　above　purposeless　movements　and　increased　heart…action　may　be　attributed　in　chief　part　to　the　excited　state　of　the　sensorium；＇10＇　and　to　the　consequent　undirected　overflow；　as　Mr。　Herbert　Spencer　insists；　of　nerve…force。　It　deserves　notice；　that　it　is　chiefly　the　anticipation　of　a　pleasure；　and　not　its　actual　enjoyment；　which　leads　to　purposeless　and　extravagant　movements　of　the　body；　and　to　the　utterance　of　various　sounds。　We　see　this　in　our　children　when　they　expect　any　great　pleasure　or　treat；　and　dogs；　which　have　been　bounding　about　at
  ＇10＇　How　powerfully　intense　joy　excites　the　brain；　and　how　the　brain　reacts　on　the　body；　is　well　shown　in　the　rare　cases　of　Psychical　Intoxication。　　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　（‘Medical　Mirror；'　1865）　records　the　case　of　a　young　man　of　strongly　nervous　temperament；　who；　on　hearing　by　a　telegram　that　a　fortune　had　been　bequeathed　him；　first　became　pale；　then　exhilarated；　and　soon　in　the　highest　spirits；　but　flushed　and　very　restless。　　He　then　took　a　walk　with　a　friend　for　the　sake　of　tranquillising　himself；　but　returned　staggering　in　his　gait；　uproariously　laughing；　yet　irritable　in　temper；　incessantly　talking；　and　singing　loudly　in　the　public　streets。　It　was　positively　ascertained　that　he　had　not　touched　any　spirituous　liquor；　though　every　one　thought　that　he　was　intoxicated。　Vomiting　after　a　time　came　on；　and　the　half…digested　contents　of　his　stomach　were　examined；　but　no　odour　of　alcohol　could　be　detected。　He　then　slept　heavily；　and　on　awaking　was　well；　except　that　he　suffered　from　headache；　nausea；　and　prostration　of　strength。　the　sight　of　a　plate　of　food；　when　they　get　it　do　not　show　their　delight　by　any　outward　sign；　not　even　by　wagging　their　tails。　Now　with　animals　of　all　kinds；　the　acquirement　of　almost　all　their　pleasures；　with　the　exception　of　those　of　warmth　and　rest；　are　associated；　and　have　long　been　associated　with　active　mov