ressed　close　backwards　on　the　head；　but　with　these　latter　actions；　we　are　not　here　concerned。　Let　us　now　suppose　that　the　dog　suddenly　discovers　that　the　man　he　is　approaching；　is　not　a　stranger；　but　his　master；　and　let　it　be　observed　how　completely　and　instantaneously　his　whole　bearing　is　reversed。　Instead　of　walking　upright；　the　body　sinks　downwards　or　even　crouches；　and　is　thrown　into　flexuous　movements；　his　tail；　instead　of　being　held　stiff　and　upright；　is　lowered　and　wagged　from　side　to　side；　his　hair　instantly　becomes　smooth；　his　ears　are　depressed　and　drawn　backwards；　but　not　closely　to　the　head；　and　his　lips　hang　loosely。　From　the　drawing　back　of　the　ears；　the　eyelids　become　elongated；　and　the　eyes　no　longer　appear　round　and　staring。　　It　should　be　added　that　the　animal　is　at　such　times　in　an　excited　condition　from　joy；　and　nerve…force　will　be　generated　in　excess；　which　naturally　leads　to　action　of　some　kind。　　Not　one　of　the　above　movements；　so　clearly　expressive　of　affection；　are　of　the　least　direct　service　to　the　animal。　They　are　explicable；　as　far　as　I　can　see；　solely　from　being　in　complete　opposition　or　antithesis　to　the　attitude　and　movements　which；　from　intelligible　causes；　are　assumed　when　a　dog　intends　to　fight；　and　which　consequently　are　expressive　of　anger。　　I　request　the　reader　to　look　at　the　four　accompanying　sketches；　which　have　been　given　in　order　to　recall　vividly　the　appearance　of　a　dog　under　these　two　states　of　mind。　It　is；　however；　not　a　little　difficult　to　represent　affection　in　a　dog；　whilst　caressing　his　master　and　wagging　his　tail；　as　the　essence　of
  the　expression　lies　in　the　continuous　flexuous　movements。
  We　will　now　turn　to　the　cat。　　When　this　animal　is　threatened　by　a　dog；　it　arches　its　back　in　a　surprising　manner；　erects　its　hair；　opens　its　mouth　and　spits。　　But　we　are　not　here　concerned　with　this　well…known　attitude；　expressive　of　terror　combined　with　anger；　we　are　concerned　only　with　that　of　rage　or　anger。　　This　is　not　often　seen；　but　may　be　observed　when　two　cats　are　fighting　together；　and　I　have　seen　it　well　exhibited　by　a　savage　cat　whilst　plagued　by　a　boy。　The　attitude　is　almost　exactly　the　same　as　that　of　a　tiger　disturbed　and　growling　over　its　food；　which　every　one　must　have　beheld　in　menageries。　The　animal　assumes　a　crouching　position；　with　the　body　extended；　and　the　whole　tail；　or　the　tip　alone；　is　lashed　or　curled　from　side　to　side。　　The　hair　is　not　in　the　least　erect。　　Thus　far；　the　attitude　and　movements　are　nearly　the　same　as　when　the　animal　is　prepared　to　spring　on　its　prey；　and　when；　no　doubt；　it　feels　savage。　But　when　preparing　to　fight；　there　is　this　difference；　that　the　ears　are　closely　pressed　backwards；　the　mouth　is　partially　opened；　showing　the　teeth；　the　fore　feet　are　occasionally　struck　out　with　protruded　claws；　and　the　animal　occasionally　utters　a　fierce　growl。　（See　figs。　　9　and　10。）　All；　or　almost　all　these　actions　naturally　follow　（as　hereafter　to　be　explained）；　from　the　cat's　manner　and　intention　of　attacking　its　enemy。
  Let　us　now　look　at　a　cat　in　a　directly　opposite　frame　of　mind；　whilst　feeling　affectionate　and　caressing　her　master；　and　mark　how　opposite　is　her　attitude　in　every　respect。　She　now　stands　upright　with　her　back　slightly　arched；　which　makes　the　hair　appear　rather　rough；　but　it　does　not　bristle；　her　tail；　instead　of　being　extended　and　lashed　from　side　to　side；　is　held　quite　still　and　perpendicularly　upwards；　her　ears　are　erect　and　pointed；　her　mouth　is　closed；　and　she　rubs　against　her　master　with　a　purr　instead　of　a　growl。　Let　it　further　be　observed　how　widely　different　is　the　whole　bearing　of　an　affectionate　cat　from　that　of　a　dog；　when　with　his　body　crouching　and　flexuous；　his　tail　lowered　and　wagging；　and　ears　depressed；　he　caresses　his　master。　　This　contrast　in　the　attitudes　and　movements　of　these　two　carnivorous　animals；　under　the　same　pleased　and　affectionate　frame　of　mind；　can　be　explained；　as　it　appears　to　me；　solely　by　their　movements　standing　in　complete　antithesis　to　those　which　are　naturally　assumed；　when　these　animals　feel　savage　and　are　prepared　either　to　fight　or　to　seize　their　prey。
  In　these　cases　of　the　dog　and　cat；　there　is　every　reason　to　believe　that　the　gestures　both　of　hostility　and　affection　are　innate　or　inherited；　for　they　are　almost　identically　the　same　in　the　different　races　of　the　species；　and　in　all　the　individuals　of　the　same　race；　both　young　and　old。
  I　will　here　give　one　other　instance　of　antithesis　in　expression。　I　formerly　possessed　a　large　dog；　who；　like　every　other　dog；　was　much　pleased　to　go　out　walking。　　He　showed　his　pleasure　by　trotting　gravely　before　me　with　high　steps；　head　much　raised；　moderately　erected　ears；　and　tail　carried　aloft　but　not　stiffly。　Not　far　from　my　house　a　path　branches　off　to　the　right；　leading　to　the　hot…house；　which　I　used　often　to　visit　for　a　few　moments；　to　look　at　my　experimental　plants。　　This　was　always　a　great　disappointment　to　the　dog；　as　he　did　not　know　whether　I　should　continue　my　walk；　and　the　instantaneous　and　complete　change　of　expression　which　came　over　him　as　soon　as　my　body　swerved　in　the　least　towards　the　path　（and　I　sometimes　tried　this　as　an　experiment）　was　laughable。　His　look　of　dejection　was　known　to　every　member　of　the　family；　and　was　called　his　_hot…house　face_。　　This　consisted　in　the　head　drooping　much；　the　whole　body　sinking　a　little　and　remaining　motionless；　the　ears　and　tail　falling　suddenly　down；　but　the　tail　was　by　no　means　wagged。　With　the　falling　of　the　ears　and　of　his　great　chaps；　the　eyes　became　much　changed　in　appearance；　and　I　fancied　that　they　looked　less　bright。　　His　aspect　was　that　of　piteous；　hopeless　dejection；　and　it　was；　as　I　have　said；　laughable；　as　the　cause　was　so　slight。　Every　detail　in　his　attitude　was　in　complete　opposition　to　his　former　joyful　yet　dignified　bearing；　and　can　be　explained；　as　it　appears　to　me；　in　no　other　way；　except　through　the　principle　of　antithesis。　Had　not　the　change　been　so　instantaneous；　I　should　have　attributed　it　to　his　lowered　spirits　affecting；　as　in　the　case　of　man；　the　nervous　system　and　circulation；　and　consequently　the　tone　of　his　whole　muscular　frame；　and　this　may　have　been　in　part　the　cause。
  We　will　now　consider　how　the　principle　of　antithesis　in　expression　has　arisen。　　With　social　animals；　the　power　of　intercommunication　between　the　members　of　the　same　community；and　with　other　species；　between　the　opposite　sexes；　as　well　as　between　the　young　and　the　old；　is　of　the　highest　importance　to　them。　　This　is　generally　effected　by　means　of　the　voice；　but　it　is　certain　that　gestures　and　expressions　are　to　a　certain　extent　mutually　intelligible。　Man　not　only　uses　inarticulate　cries；　gestures；　and　expressions；　but　has　invented　articulate　language；　if；　indeed；　the　word　INVENTED　can　be　applied　to　a　process；　completed　by　innumerable　steps；　half…consciously　made。　　Any　one　who　has　watched　monkeys　will　not　doubt　that　they　perfectly　understand　each　other's　gestures　and　expression；　and　to　a　large　extent；　as　Rengger　asserts；＇1＇　those　of　man。　An　animal　when　going　to　attack　another；　or　when　afraid　of　another；　often　makes　itself　appear　terrible；　by　erecting　its　hair；　thus　increasing　the　apparent　bulk　of　its　body；　by　showing　its　teeth；　or　brandishing　its　horns；　or　by　uttering　fierce　sounds。
  As　the　power　of　intercommunication　is　certainly　of　high　service　to　many　animals；　there　is　no　_a　priori_　improbability　in　the　supposition；　that　gestures　manifestly　of　an　opposite　nature　to　those　by　which　certain　feelings　are　already　expressed；　should　at　first　have　been　voluntarily　employed　under　the　influence　of　an　opposite　state　of　feeling。　The　fact　of　the　gestures　being　now　innate；　would　be　no　valid　objection　to　the　belief　that　they　were　at　first　intentional；　for　if　practised　during　many　generations；　they　would　probably　at　last　be　inherited。　Nevertheless　it　is　more　than　doubtful；　as　we　shall　immediately　see；　whether　any　of　the　cases　which　come　under　our　present　head　of　antithesis；　have　thus　originated。
  With　conventional　signs　which　are　not　innate；　such　as　those　used　by　the　deaf　and　dumb　and　by　savages；　the　principle　of　opposition　or　antithesis　has　been　partially　brought　into　play。　The　Cistercian　monks　thought　it　sinful　to　speak；　and　as　they　could　not　avoid　holding　some　communication；　they　invented　a　gesture　language；　in　which　the　principle　of　opposition　seems　to　have　been　employed。＇2＇　Dr。　Scott；　of　the　Exeter　Deaf　and　Dumb　Institution；　writes　to　me　that　〃opposites　are　greatly　used　in　teaching　the　deaf　and　dumb；　who　have　a　lively　sense　of　them。〃　Nevertheless　I　have　been　surprised　how　few　unequivocal　instances　can　be　adduced。　　This　depends　partly　on　all　the　signs　having　commonly　had　some　natural　origin；　and　partly　on　the　practice　of　the　deaf　and　dumb　and　of　savages　to　contract　their　signs　as　much　as　possible　for　the　sake　of　rapidity？＇3＇　Hence　their　natural　source　or　origin　often　becomes　doubtful　or　is　completely　lost；　as　is　likewise　the　case　with　articulate　language。
  ＇1＇　‘Naturgeschichte　der　Saugethiere　von　Paraguay；'　1830；　s。　　55。
  ＇2＇　Mr。　Tylor　gives　an　account　of　the　Cistercian　gesture…language　in　his　‘Early　History　of　Mankind'　（2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　40）；　and　makes　some　remarks　on　the　principle　of　opposition　in　gestures