ature；＇4＇　and　so　it　is　in　many　other　cases。
  ＇3＇　A　remark　to　much　the　same　effect　was　made　long　ago　by　Hippocrates　and　by　the　illustrious　Harvey；　for　both　assert　that　a　young　animal　forgets　in　the　course　of　a　few　days　the　art　of　sucking；　and　cannot　without　some　difficulty　again　acquire　it。　　I　give　these　assertions　on　the　authority　of　Dr。　Darwin；　‘Zoonomia；'　1794；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　140。
  The　power　of　Association　is　admitted　by　everyone。　　Mr。　Bain　remarks；　that　〃actions；　sensations　and　states　of　feeling；　occurring　together　or　in　close　succession；　tend　to　grow　together；　or　cohere；　in　such　a　way　that　when　any　one　of　them　is　afterwards　presented　to　the　mind；　the　others　are　apt　to　be　brought　up　in　idea。〃＇5＇　It　is　so　important　for　our　purpose　fully　to　recognize　that　actions　readily　become　associated　with　other　actions　and　with　various　states　of　the　mind；　that　I　will　give　a　good　many　instances；　in　the　first　place　relating　to　man；　and　afterwards　to　the　lower　animals。　Some　of　the　instances　are　of　a　very　trifling　nature；　but　they　are　as　good　for　our　purpose　as　more　important　habits。　　It　is　known　to　everyone　how　difficult；　or　even　impossible　it　is；　without　repeated　trials；　to　move　the　limbs　in　certain　opposed　directions　which　have　never　been　practised。　Analogous　cases　occur　with　sensations；　as　in　the　common　experiment　of　rolling　a　marble　beneath　the　tips　of　two　crossed　fingers；　when　it　feels　exactly　like　two　marbles。　　Everyone　protects　himself　when　falling　to　the　ground　by　extending　his　arms；　and　as　Professor　Alison　has　remarked；　few　can　resist　acting　thus；　when　voluntarily　falling　on　a　soft　bed。　A　man　when　going　out　of　doors　puts　on　his　gloves　quite　unconsciously；　and　this　may　seem　an　extremely　simple　operation；　but　he　who　has　taught　a　child　to　put　on　gloves；　knows　that　this　is　by　no　means　the　case。
  ＇4＇　See　for　my　authorities；　and　for　various　analogous　facts；　‘The　Variation　of　Animals　and　Plants　under　Domestication；'　1868；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　304。
  ＇5＇　‘The　Senses　and　the　Intellect；'　2nd　edit。　　1864；　p。　　332。　　Prof。　Huxley　remarks　（‘Elementary　Lessons　in　Physiology；'　5th　edit。　　1872；　p。　306）；　〃It　may　be　laid　down　as　a　rule；　that；　if　any　two　mental　states　be　called　up　together；　or　in　succession；　with　due　frequency　and　vividness；　the　subsequent　production　of　the　one　of　them　will　suffice　to　call　up　the　other；　and　that　whether　we　desire　it　or　not。〃
  When　our　minds　are　much　affected；　so　are　the　movements　of　our　bodies；　but　here　another　principle　besides　habit；　namely　the　undirected　overflow　of　nerve…force；　partially　comes　into　play。　　Norfolk；　in　speaking　of　Cardinal　Wolsey；　says
  〃Some　strange　commotion　　Is　in　his　brain；　he　bites　his　lip　and　starts；　　Stops　on　a　sudden；　looks　upon　the　ground；　　Then；　lays　his　finger　on　his　temple：　straight；　　Springs　out　into　fast　gait；　then；　stops　again；　　Strikes　his　breast　hard；　and　anon；　he　casts　　His　eye　against　the　moon：　in　most　strange　postures　　We　have　seen　him　set　himself。〃_Hen。　VIII_。；　act　3；　sc。　2。
  A　vulgar　man　often　scratches　his　head　when　perplexed　in　mind；　and　I　believe　that　he　acts　thus　from　habit；　as　if　he　experienced　a　slightly　uncomfortable　bodily　sensation；　namely；　the　itching　of　his　head；　to　which　he　is　particularly　liable；　and　which　he　thus　relieves。　Another　man　rubs　his　eyes　when　perplexed；　or　gives　a　little　cough　when　embarrassed；　acting　in　either　case　as　if　he　felt　a　slightly　uncomfortable　sensation　in　his　eyes　or　windpipe。＇6＇
  From　the　continued　use　of　the　eyes；　these　organs　are　especially　liable　to　be　acted　on　through　association　under　various　states　of　the　mind；　although　there　is　manifestly　nothing　to　be　seen。　A　man；　as　Gratiolet　remarks；　who　vehemently　rejects　a　proposition；　will　almost　certainly　shut　his　eyes　or　turn　away　his　face；　but　if　he　accepts　the　proposition；　he　will　nod　his　head　in　affirmation　and　open　his　eyes　widely。　The　man　acts　in　this　latter　case　as　if　he　clearly　saw　the　thing；　and　in　the　former　case　as　if　he　did　not　or　would　not　see　it。　I　have　noticed　that　persons　in　describing　a　horrid　sight　often　shut　their　eyes　momentarily　and　firmly；　or　shake　their　heads；　as　if　not　to　see　or　to　drive　away　something　disagreeable；　and　I　have　caught　myself；　when　thinking　in　the　dark　of　a　horrid　spectacle；　closing　my　eyes　firmly。　　In　looking　suddenly　at　any　object；　or　in　looking　all　around；　everyone　raises　his　eyebrows；　so　that　the　eyes　may　be　quickly　and　widely　opened；　and　Duchenne　remarks　that＇7＇　a　person　in　trying　to　remember　something　often　raises　his　eyebrows；　as　if　to　see　it。　A　Hindoo　gentleman　made　exactly　the　same　remark　to　Mr。　Erskine　in　regard　to　his　countrymen。　　I　noticed　a　young　lady　earnestly　trying　to　recollect　a　painter's　name；　and　she　first　looked　to　one　corner　of　the　ceiling　and　then　to　the　opposite　corner；　arching　the　one　eyebrow　on　that　side；　although；　of　course；　there　was　nothing　to　be　seen　there。
  ＇6＇　Gratiolet　（‘De　la　Physionomie；'　p。　　324）；　in　his　discussion　on　this　subject；　gives　many　analogous　instances。　See　p。　　42；　on　the　opening　and　shutting　of　the　eyes。　Engel　is　quoted　（p。　323）　on　the　changed　paces　of　a　man；　as　his　thoughts　change。
  In　most　of　the　foregoing　cases；　we　can　understand　how　the　associated　movements　were　acquired　through　habit；　but　with　some　individuals；　certain　strange　gestures　or　tricks　have　arisen　in　association　with　certain　states　of　the　mind；　owing　to　wholly　inexplicable　causes；　and　are　undoubtedly　inherited。　　I　have　elsewhere　given　one　instance　from　my　own　observation　of　an　extraordinary　and　complex　gesture；　associated　with　pleasurable　feelings；　which　was　transmitted　from　a　father　to　his　daughter；　as　well　as　some　other　analogous　facts。＇8＇
  ＇7＇　‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie　Humaine；'　1862；　p。　　17。
  ＇8＇　‘The　Variation　of　Animals　and　Plants　under　Domestication；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　6。　　The　inheritance　of　habitual　gestures　is　so　important　for　us；　that　I　gladly　avail　myself　of　Mr。　F。　Galton's　permission　to　give　in　his　own　words　the　following　remarkable　case：〃The　following　account　of　a　habit　occurring　in　individuals　of　three　consecutive　generations　｛footnote　continues：｝　is　of　peculiar　interest；　because　it　occurs　only　during　sound　sleep；　and　therefore　cannot　be　due　to　imitation；　but　must　be　altogether　natural。　The　particulars　are　perfectly　trustworthy；　for　I　have　enquired　fully　into　them；　and　speak　from　abundant　and　independent　evidence。　A　gentleman　of　considerable　position　was　found　by　his　wife　to　have　the　curious　trick；　when　he　lay　fast　asleep　on　his　back　in　bed；　of　raising　his　right　arm　slowly　in　front　of　his　face；　up　to　his　forehead；　and　then　dropping　it　with　a　jerk；　so　that　the　wrist　fell　heavily　on　the　bridge　of　his　nose。　　The　trick　did　not　occur　every　night；　but　occasionally；　and　was　independent　of　any　ascertained　cause。　Sometimes　it　was　repeated　incessantly　for　an　hour　or　more。　The　gentleman's　nose　was　prominent；　and　its　bridge　often　became　sore　from　the　blows　which　it　received。　　At　one　time　an　awkward　sore　was　produced；　that　was　long　in　healing；　on　account　of　the　recurrence；　night　after　night；　of　the　blows　which　first　caused　it。　His　wife　had　to　remove　the　button　from　the　wrist　of　his　night…gown　as　it　made　severe　scratches；　and　some　means　were　attempted　of　tying　his　arm。
  〃Many　years　after　his　death；　his　son　married　a　lady　who　had　never　heard　of　the　family　incident。　　She；　however；　observed　precisely　the　same　peculiarity　in　her　husband；　but　his　nose；　from　not　being　particularly　prominent；　has　never　as　yet　suffered　from　the　blows。　The　trick　does　not　occur　when　he　is　half…asleep；　as；　for　example；　when　dozing　in　his　arm…chair；　but　the　moment　he　is　fast　asleep　it　is　apt　to　begin。　It　is；　as　with　his　father；　intermittent；　sometimes　ceasing　for　many　nights；　and　sometimes　almost　incessant　during　a　part　of　every　night。　It　is　performed；　as　it　was　by　his　father；　with　his　right　hand。
  〃One　of　his　children；　a　girl；　has　inherited　the　same　trick。　She　performs　it；　likewise；　with　the　right　hand；　but　in　a　slightly　modified　form；　for；　after　raising　the　arm；　she　does　not　allow　the　wrist　to　drop　upon　the　bridge　of　the　nose；　but　the　palm　of　the　half…closed　hand　falls　over　and　down　the　nose；　striking　it　rather　rapidly。　It　is　also　very　intermittent　with　this　child；　not　occurring　for　periods　of　some　months；　but　sometimes　occurring　almost　incessantly。〃　｛end　of　long　footnote｝
  Another　curious　instance　of　an　odd　inherited　movement；　associated　with　the　wish　to　obtain　an　object；　will　be　given　in　the　course　of　this　volume。
  There　are　other　actions　which　are　commonly　performed　under　certain　circumstances；　independently　of　habit；　and　which　seem　to　be　due　to　imitation　or　some　sort　of　sympathy。　Thus　persons　cutting　anything　with　a　pair　of　scissors　may　be　seen　to　move　their　jaws　simultaneously　with　the　blades　of　the　scissors。　Children　learning　to　write　often　twist　about　their　tongues　as　their　fingers　move；　in　a　ridiculous　fashion。　　When　a　public　singer　suddenly　becomes　a　little　hoarse；　many　of　those　present　may　be　heard；　as　I　have　been　assured　by　a　gentleman　on　whom　I　can　rely；　to　clear　their　throats；　but　here　habit　probably　comes　into　play；　as　we　clear　our　own　throats　under　similar　circumstances。　I　have　also　been　told　that　at　leaping　matches；　as　the　performer　makes　his　spring；　many　of　the　spectators；　generally　men　and　boys；　move　their　feet；　but　here　again　hab