The　Expression　of　Emotion　in　Man　and　Animals
  by　Charles　Darwin
  NEW　YORK　D。　APPLETON　AND　COMPANY　1899
  CONTENTS。　INTRODUCTION。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。Pages　1…26
  CHAP。　　IGENERAL　PRINCIPLES　OF　EXPRESSION。　　The　three　chief　principles　statedThe　first　principleServiceable　actions　become　habitual　in　association　with　certain　states　of　the　mind；　and　are　performed　whether　or　not　of　service　in　each　particular　case　The　force　of　habitInheritanceAssociated　habitual　movements　in　manReflex　actionsPassage　of　habits　into　reflex　actions　Associated　habitual　movements　in　the　lower　animals　Concluding　remarks　。。。。。。。。。。。。27…49
  CHAP。　　IIGENERAL　PRINCIPLES　OF　EXPRESSION_continued_。　The　Principle　of　AntithesisInstances　in　the　dog　and　catOrigin　of　the　principle　Conventional　signsThe　principle　of　antithesis　has　not　arisen　from　opposite　actions　being　consciously　performed　under　opposite　impulses　。。。。。。。。。。50…65
  CHAP。　　IIIGENERAL　PRINCIPLES　OF　EXPRESSION_concluded_。
  The　principle　of　the　direct　action　of　the　excited　nervous　system　on　the　body；　independently　of　the　will　and　in　part　of　habitChange　of　colour　in　the　hair　Trembling　of　the　musclesModified　secretionsPerspirationExpression　of　extreme　painOf　rage；　great　joy；　and　terrorContrast　between　the　emotions　which　cause　and　do　not　cause　expressive　movementsExciting　and　depressing　states　of　the　mindSummary。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。　66…82
  CHAP。　　IVMEANS　OF　EXPRESSION。　　IN　ANIMALS。　　The　emission　of　sounds　Vocal　soundsSounds　otherwise　producedErection　of　the　dermal　appendages；　hairs；　feathers；　&c。；　under　the　emotions　of　anger　and　terrorThe　drawing　back　of　the　ears　as　a　preparation　for　fighting；　and　as　an　expression　of　anger　Erection　of　the　ears　and　raising　the　head；　a　sign　of　attention　88…114
  CHAP。　　V。SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　ANIMALS。　　The　Dog；　various　expressive　movements　ofCatsHorsesRuminantsMonkeys；　their　expression　of　joy　and　affectionOf　painAnger　Astonishment　and　Terror　Pages　115…145
  CHAP。　　VI。SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　MAN：　　SUFFERING　AND　WEEPING。　　The　screaming　and　weeping　of　infantsForm　of　featuresAge　at　which　weeping　commences　The　effects　of　habitual　restraint　on　weepingSobbingCause　of　the　contraction　of　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　during　screaming　Cause　of　the　secretion　of　tears　146…175
  CHAP。　　VII。LOW　SPIRITS；　ANXIETY；　GRIEF；　DEJECTION；　DESPAIR。　　General　effect　of　grief　on　the　systemObliquity　of　the　eyebrows　under　suffering　On　the　cause　of　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrowsOn　the　depression　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth　176…195
  CHAP。　　VIII。JOY；　HIGH　SPIRITS；　LOVE；　TENDER　FEELINGS；　DEVOTION。　Laughter　primarily　the　expression　of　joyLudicrous　ideas　Movements　of　the　features　during　laughterNature　of　the　sound　produced　The　secretion　of　tears　during　loud　laughterGradation　from　loud　laughter　to　gentle　smilingHigh　spiritsThe　expression　of　love　Tender　feelingsDevotion　196…219
  CHAP。　　IX。REFLECTIONMEDITATIONILLTEMPERSULKINESS　DETERMINATION。　The　act　of　frowningReflection　with　an　effort　or　with　the　perception　of　something　difficult　or　disagreeableAbstracted　meditation　Ill…temperMorosenessObstinacySulkiness　and　pouting　Decision　or　determinationThe　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　220…236
  CHAP。　　X。…HATRED　AND　ANGER。
  HatredRage；　effects　of　on　the　systemUncovering　of　the　teeth　Rage　in　the　insaneAnger　and　indignationAs　expressed　by　the　various　races　of　manSneering　and　defianceThe　uncovering　of　the　canine　teeth　on　one　side　of　the　face　237…252
  CHAP。　　XI。DISDAINCONTEMPTDISGUSTGUILTPRIDE；　ETC。HELPLESSNESS　PATIENCEAFFIRMATION　AND　NEGATION。　　Contempt；　scorn　and　disdain；　variously　expressedDerisive　SmileGestures　expressive　of　contempt　DisgustGuilt；　deceit；　pride；　etc。Helplessness　or　impotence　PatienceObstinacyShrugging　the　shoulders　common　to　most　of　the　races　of　manSigns　of　affirmation　and　negation　253…277
  CHAP。　　XII。SURPRISEASTONISHMENTFEARHORROR。
  Surprise；　astonishmentElevation　of　the　eyebrowsOpening　the　mouth　Protrusion　of　the　lipsGestures　accompanying　surprise　Admiration　FearTerrorErection　of　the　hairContraction　of　the　platysma　muscleDilatation　of　the　pupilshorrorConclusion。　　Pages　278…308
  CHAP。　　XIII。SELF…ATTENTIONSHAMESHYNESSMODESTY：　　BLUSHING。
  Nature　of　a　blushInheritanceThe　parts　of　the　body　most　affected　Blushing　in　the　various　races　of　manAccompanying　gestures　Confusion　of　mindCauses　of　blushingSelf…attention；　the　fundamental　elementShynessShame；　from　broken　moral　laws　and　conventional　rulesModestyTheory　of　blushingRecapitulation　309…346
  CHAP。　　XIV。CONCLUDING　REMARKS　AND　SUMMARY。
  The　three　leading　principles　which　have　determined　the　chief　movements　of　expressionTheir　inheritanceOn　the　part　which　the　will　and　intention　have　played　in　the　acquirement　of　various　expressions　The　instinctive　recognition　of　expressionThe　bearing　of　our　subject　on　the　specific　unity　of　the　races　of　manOn　the　successive　acquirement　of　various　expressions　by　the　progenitors　of　man　The　importance　of　expressionConclusion　347…366
  ON　THE　EXPRESSION　OF　THE　EMOTIONS　IN　MAN　AND　ANIMALS。
  INTRODUCTION。
  MANY　works　have　been　written　on　Expression；　but　a　greater　number　on　Physiognomy；that　is；　on　the　recognition　of　character　through　the　study　of　the　permanent　form　of　the　features。　　With　this　latter　subject　I　am　not　here　concerned。　　The　older　treatises；＇1＇　which　I　have　consulted；　have　been　of　little　or　no　service　to　me。　The　famous　‘Conferences'＇2＇　of　the　painter　Le　Brun；　published　in　1667；　is　the　best　known　ancient　work；　and　contains　some　good　remarks。　Another　somewhat　old　essay；　namely；　the　‘Discours；'　delivered　1774…1782；　by　the　well…known　Dutch　anatomist　Camper；＇3＇　can　hardly　be　considered　as　having　made　any　marked　advance　in　the　subject。　The　following　works；　on　the　contrary；　deserve　the　fullest　consideration。
  Sir　Charles　Bell；　so　illustrious　for　his　discoveries　in　physiology；　published　in　1806　the　first　edition；　and　in
  ＇1＇　J。　Parsons；　in　his　paper　in　the　Appendix　to　the　‘Philosophical　Transactions'　for　1746；　p。　　41；　gives　a　list　of　forty…one　old　authors　who　have　written　on　Expression。
  ＇2＇　Conferences　sur　l'expression　des　differents　Caracteres　des　Passions。'　　Paris；　4to；　1667。　　I　always　quote　from　the　republication　of　the　‘Conferences'　in　the　edition　of　Lavater；　by　Moreau；　which　appeared　in　1820；　as　given　in　vol。　　ix。　　p。　　257。
  ＇3＇　‘Discours　par　Pierre　Camper　sur　le　moyen　de　representer　les　diverses　passions；'　&c。　1792。　　1844　the　third　edition　of　his　‘Anatomy　and　Philosophy　of　Expression。'＇4＇　He　may　with　justice　be　said；　not　only　to　have　laid　the　foundations　of　the　subject　as　a　branch　of　science；　but　to　have　built　up　a　noble　structure。　His　work　is　in　every　way　deeply　interesting；　it　includes　graphic　descriptions　of　the　various　emotions；　and　is　admirably　illustrated。　It　is　generally　admitted　that　his　service　consists　chiefly　in　having　shown　the　intimate　relation　which　exists　between　the　movements　of　expression　and　those　of　respiration。　One　of　the　most　important　points；　small　as　it　may　at　first　appear；　is　that　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　are　involuntarily　contracted　during　violent　expiratory　efforts；　in　order　to　protect　these　delicate　organs　from　the　pressure　of　the　blood。　This　fact；　which　has　been　fully　investigated　for　me　with　the　greatest　kindness　by　Professors　Donders　of　Utrecht；　throws；　as　we　shall　hereafter　see；　a　flood　of　light　on　several　of　the　most　important　expressions　of　the　human　countenance。　The　merits　of　Sir　C。　Bell's　work　have　been　undervalued　or　quite　ignored　by　several　foreign　writers；　but　have　been　fully　admitted　by　some；　for　instance　by　M。　Lemoine；＇5＇　who　with　great　justice　says：〃Le　livre　de　Ch。　　Bell　devrait　etre　medite　par　quiconque　essaye　de　faire　parler　le　visage　de　l'homme；　par　les　philosophes　aussi　bien　que　par　les　artistes；　car；　sous　une　apparence　plus　legere　et　sous　le　pretexte　de　l'esthetique；　c'est　un　des　plus　beaux　monuments　de　la　science　des　rapports　du　physique　et　du　moral。〃
  ＇4＇　I　always　quote　from　the　third　edition；　1844；　which　was　published　after　the　death　of　Sir　C。　Bell；　and　contains　his　latest　corrections。　The　first　edition　of　1806　is　much　inferior　in　merit；　and　does　not　include　some　of　his　more　important　views。
  ＇5＇　‘De　la　Physionomie　et　de　la　Parole；'　par　Albert　Lemoine；　1865；　p。　　101。
  From　reasons　which　will　presently　be　assigned；　Sir　C。　Bell　did　not　attempt　to　follow　out　his　views　as　far　as　they　might　have　been　carried。　He　does　not　try　to　explain　why　different　muscles　are　brought　into　action　under　different　emotions；　why；　for　instance；　the　inner　ends　of　the　eyebrows　are　raised；　and　the　corners　of　the　mouth　depressed；　by　a　person　suffering　from　grief　or　anxiety。
  In　1807　M。　Moreau　edited　an　edition　of　Lavater　on　Physiognomy；＇6＇　in　which　he　incorporated　several　of　his　own　essays；　containing　excellent　descriptions　of　the　movements　of　the　facial　muscles；　together　with　many　valuable　remarks。　He　throws；　however；　very　little　light　on　the　philosophy　of　the　subject。　For　instance；　M。　Moreau；　in　speaking　of　the　act　of　frowning；　that　is；　of　the　contraction　of　the　muscle　called　by　French　writers　the　_soucilier_　（_corrigator　supercilii_）；　remarks　with　truth：〃Cette　action　des　sourciliers　est　un　des　symptomes　les　plus　tranches　de　l'expression　des　affections　penibles　ou　concentrees。〃　　He　then　adds　that　these