them　to　raise　mind　to　freedom　and　truth。
  What　we　indicated　as　the　beginning　of　the　science　＇of　logic＇　—　a　beginning　which　we　have　already
  recognised　as　having　a　high　value　both　on　its　own　account　and　as　a　condition　of　genuine
  knowledge…namely；　the　treatment　of　Notions　generally　and　the　moments　of　the　Notion；　that　is；　the
  determinations　of　thought；　primarily　as　forms　which　are　distinct　from　the　matter　of　thought　and　only
  attached　to　it；　this　attitude　directly　reveals　itself　as　intrinsically　inadequate　for　the　attainment　of　truth
  —　and　the　truth　is　the　declared　object　of　and　aim　of　logic。　For；　as　such　mere　forms；　as　distinct
  from　the　content；　they　are　assumed　to　be　standing　in　a　determination　which　stamps　them　as　finite
  and　makes　them　incapable　of　holding　the　truth　which　is　in　its　own　self　infinite。　In　whatever　respect
  the　true　may　be　associated　with　limitation　and　finitude；　this　is　the　aspect　of　its　negation；　of　its
  untruth　and　unreality；　that　is；　of　its　end；　not　of　the　affirmation　which；　as　the　true；　it　is。？
  Faced　with　the　baldness　of　the　merely　formal　categories；　the　instinct　of　healthy　common　sense　has；
  in　the　end；　felt　itself　to　be　so　much　in　the　right　that　it　has　contemptuously　abandoned
  acquaintanceship　with　them　to　the　domain　of　school　logic　and　metaphysics；　at　the　same　time；
  common　sense　fails　to　appreciate　the　value　even　of　a　proper　awareness　of　these　fragments　and　is
  quite　unaware　that　in　the　instinctive　thinking　of　natural　logic；　and　still　more　in　the　deliberate
  rejection　of　any　acquaintance　with　or　knowledge　of　the　thought　determinations　themselves；　it　is　in
  bondage　to　unclarified　and　therefore　unfree　thinking。　The　simple　basic　determination　or　common
  form　of　the　collection　of　such　forms　is　identity　which；　in　the　logic　of　this　collection；　is　asserted　as
  the　law　of　identity；　as　A　=　A；　and　as　the　principle　of　contradiction。　Healthy　common　sense　has　so
  much　lost　its　respect　for　the　school　which　claims　possession　of　such　laws　of　truth　and　still　busies
  itself　with　them　that　it　ridicules　it　and　its　laws　and　regards　anyone　as　insufferable　who　can　utter
  truths　in　accordance　with　such　laws：　the　plant　is…a　plant；　science　is…science。　It　has　also　formed　an
  equally　just　estimate　of　the　significance　of　the　formulas　which　constitute　the　rules　of　syllogising
  which　in　fact　is　a　cardinal　function　of　the　understanding　（although　it　would　be　a　mistake　not　to
  recognise　that　these　have　their　place　in　cognition　where　they　must　be　obeyed）；　it　knows　that　the
  formulas　quite　as　well　serve　impartially　error　and　sophistry　and　that　however　truth　may　be　defined；
  they　cannot　serve　higher；　for　example；　religious　truth…that　generally　speaking　they　concern　only　the
  correctness　of　the　knowledge　of　facts；　not　truth　itself。
  The　inadequacy　of　this　way　of　regarding　thought　which　leaves　truth　on　one　side　can　only　be　made
  good　by　including　in　our　conception　of　thought　not　only　that　which　is　usually　reckoned　as
  belonging　to　the　external　form　but　the　content　as　well。　It　is　soon　evident　that　what　at　first　to
  ordinary　reflection　is；　as　content；　divorced　from　form；　cannot　in　fact　be　formless；　cannot　be　devoid
  of　inner　determination；　if　it　were；　then　it　would　be　only　vacuity；　the　abstraction　of　the　thing…in…itself；
  that；　on　the　contrary；　the　content　in　its　own　self　possesses　form；　in　fact　it　is　through　form　alone　that
  it　has　soul　and　meaning；　and　that　it　is　form　itself　which　is　transformed　only　into　the　semblance　of　a
  content；　hence　into　the　semblance　of　something　external　to　this　semblance。　With　this　introduction
  of　the　content　into　the　logical　treatment；　the　subject　matter　is　not　things　but　their　import；　the
  Notion　of　them。　But　in　this　connection　we　can　be　reminded　that　there　is　a　multitude　of　Notions；　a
  multitude　of　objects　＇Sache＇。　We　have；　however；　already　said　how　it　is　that　restrictions　are
  imposed　on　this　multitude；　that　the　Notion；　simply　as　thought；　as　a　universal；　is　the　immeasurable
  abbreviation　of　the　multitudes　of　particular　things　which　are　vaguely　present　to　intuition　and
  pictorial　thought；　but　also　a　Notion　is；　first；　in　its　own　self　the　Notion；　and　this　is　only　one　and　is
  the　substantial　foundation；　secondly；　a　Notion　is　determinate　and　it　is　this　determinateness　in　it
  which　appears　as　content：　but　the　determinateness　of　the　Notion　is　a　specific　form　of　this
  substantial　oneness；　a　moment　of　the　form　as　totality；　of　that　same　Notion　which　is　the　foundation
  of　the　specific　Notions。
  This　Notion　is　not　sensuously　intuited　or　represented；　it　is　solely　an　object；　a　product　and　content
  of　thinking；　and　is　the　absolute；　self…subsistent　object；　the　logos；　the　reason　of　that　which　is；　the
  truth　of　what　we　call　things；　it　is　least　of　all　the　logos　which　should　be　left　outside　of　the　science　of
  logic。
  Therefore　its　inclusion　in　or　omission　from　this　science　must　not　be　simply　a　matter　of　choice。
  When　those　determinations　of　thought　which　are　only　external　forms　are　truly　considered　in
  themselves；　this　can　only　result　in　demonstrating　their　finitude　and　the　untruth　of　their　supposed
  independent　self…subsistence；　that　their　truth　is　the　Notion。　Consequently；　the　science　of　logic　in
  dealing　with　the　thought　determinations　which　in　general　run　through　our　mind　instinctively　and
  unconsciously…and　even　when　they　become　part　of　the　language　do　not　become　objects　of　our
  attention…will　also　be　a　reconstruction　of　those　which　are　singled　out　by　reflection　and　are　fixed　by
  it　as　subjective　forms　external　to　the　matter　and　import　of　the　determinations　of　thought。
  No　subject　matter　is　so　absolutely　capable　of　being　expounded　with　a　strict　immanent　plasticity　as
  is　thought　in　its　own　necessary　development；　no　other　brings　with　it　this　demand　in　such　a　degree；
  in　this　respect　the　Science　of　Logic　must　surpass　even　mathematics；　for　no　subject　matter　has　in　its
  own　self　this　freedom　and　independence。　Such　an　exposition　would　demand　that　at　no　stage　of　the
  development　should　any　thought…determination　or　reflection　occur　which　does　not　immediately
  emerge　at　this　stage　and　that　has　not　entered　this　stage　from　the　one　preceding　it…a　requirement
  which　is　satisfied；　after　its　fashion；　in　the　process　of　mathematical　reasoning。　However；　such　an
  abstract　perfection　of　exposition　must；　I　admit；　in　general　be　dispensed　with；　the　very　fact　that　the
  science　must　begin　with　what　is　absolutely　simple；　that　is；　with　what　is　most　general　and　of　least
  import；　would　restrict　the　exposition　solely　to　these　same　quite　simple　expressions　of　the　simple
  without　any　further　addition　of　a　single　word；　all　that　could　properly　be　admitted　would　be
  negative　considerations　intended　to　ward　off　and　banish　any　heterogeneous　elements　which
  otherwise　might　be　introduced　by　pictorial　thought　or　unregulated　thinking。　However；　such
  intrusive　elements　in　the　simple　immanent　course　of　the　development　are　themselves　contingent；　so
  that　the　effort　to　ward　them　off　is　itself　tainted　with　this　contingency；　besides　which　it　is　futile　to　try
  to　deal　with　all　of　them；　lying　as　they　do　outside　the　subject　matter；　and　in　any　case；　any　demand
  for　a　systematic　disposal　of　such　random　reflections　could　only　be　partially　satisfied。　But　the
  peculiar　restlessness　and　distraction　of　our　modern　consciousness　compel　us　to　take　some　account
  of　the　more　readily　suggested　reflections　and　opinions。　A　plastic　discourse　demands；　too；　a　plastic
  receptivity　and　understanding　on　the　part　of　the　listener；　but　youths　and　men　of　such　a　temper　who
  would　calmly　suppress　their　own　reflections　and　opinions　in　which　original　thought　is　so　impatient
  to　manifest　itself；　listeners　such　as　Plato　feigned；　who　would　attend　only　to　the　matter　in　hand；
  could　have　no　place　in　a　modern　dialogue；　still　less　could　one　count　on　readers　of　such　a
  disposition。　On　the　contrary；　I　have　been　only　too　often　and　too　vehemently　attacked　by
  opponents　who　were　incapable　of　making　the　simple　reflection　that　their　opinions　and　objections
  contain　categories　which　are　presuppositions　and　which　themselves　need　to　be　criticised　first
  before　they　are　employed。　Ignorance　in　this　matter　reaches　incredible　lengths；　it　is　guilty　of；　the
  fundamental　misunderstanding；　the　uncouth　and　uneducated　behaviour　of　taking　a　category　which
  is　under　consideration　for　something　other　than　the　category　itself。　This　ignorance　is　the　less
  justifiable　because　this　'something　other'　consists　of　determinate　thoughts　and　concepts；　and　in　a
  system　of　logic　these　other　categories　must　likewise　have　been　assigned　their　own　place　and　must
  themselves　have　been　subjected　to　critical　examination　within　the　system。　This　ignorance　is　most
  obvious　in　the　great　majority　of　the　objections　and　attacks　on　the　first　Notions　of　logic；　being　and
  nothing；　and　becoming　which；　itself　a　simple　determination…the　simplest　analysis　shows　it　to　be
  so…contains　the　two　other　determinations　as　moments。　Thoroughness　seems　to　require　that　the
  beginning；　as　the　foundation　on　which　everything　is　built；　should　be　examined　before　anything　else；
  in　fact　that　we　should　not　go　any　further　until　it　has　been　firmly　established　and　if；　on　the　other
  hand；　it　is　not；　that　we　should　reject　all　that　follows。
  This　thoroughness　at　the　same