第 18 节
作者:沸点123      更新:2021-02-27 02:03      字数:9321
  use a preposterous voice;a super…sweetened whine; in talking to children?
  Is   it   that   the   effort   to   realise   an   ideal   of   gentleness   and   affectionateness
  overreaches itself in this form of the grotesque? Some good intention must
  be the root of it But the thing is none the less pernicious。 A 〃cant〃 voice is
  as   abominable   as   a   cant   phraseology。   Both   are   of   the   very   substance   of
  evil。
  〃But it is easier to SAY; ‘Be natural' than to BE it;〃 said one teacher to
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  me desperately。
  Beyond dispute。 To those of us who are cursed with an over…abundant
  measure of self… consciousness; nothing is harder than simple naturalness。
  The     remedy     is  to  lose   oneself    in  one's   art。  Think     of  the   story   so
  absorbingly and vividly that you have no room to think of yourself。 Live it。
  Sink yourself in that mood you have summoned up; and let it carry you。
  If   you   do   this;   simplicity  of   matter   will   come   easily。 Your   choice   of
  words and images will naturally become simple。
  It is; I think; a familiar precept to educators; that children should not
  have their literature too much simplified for them。 We are told that they
  like something beyond them; and that it is good for them to have a sense
  of mystery and power beyond the sense they grasp。 That may be true; but
  if   so   it   does   not   apply   to   story…   telling   as   it   does   to   reading。   We   have
  constantly to remember that the movement of a story told is very swift。 A
  concept not grasped in passing is irrevocably lost; there is no possibility of
  turning back; or lingering over the page。 Also; since the art of story…telling
  is primarily an art of entertainment; its very object is sacrificed if the ideas
  and images do not slip into the child's consciousness smoothly enough to
  avoid the sense of strain。 For this reason short; familiar; vivid words are
  best。
  Simplicity   of   manner   and   of   matter   are   both   essential   to   the   right
  appeal to children。
  DIRECTNESS           in   telling  is  a  most    important     quality。   The    story;
  listened to; is like the drama; beheld。 Its movement must be unimpeded;
  increasingly swift; winding up 〃with a snap。〃 Long…windedness; or talking
  round the story; utterly destroys this movement。 The incidents should be
  told; one after another; without explanation or description beyond what is
  absolutely     necessary;     and   THEY      SHOULD        BE    TOLD     IN   LOGICAL
  SEQUENCE。   Nothing   is   more   distressing   than   the   cart…before…the…horse
  method;nothing more quickly destroys interest than the failure to get a
  clue in the right place。
  Sometimes;   to   be   sure;   a   side   remark   adds   piquancy   and   a   personal
  savour。 But the general rule is; great discretion in this respect。
  Every epithet or adjective beyond what is needed to give the image; is
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  a five…barred gate in the path of the eager mind travelling to a climax。
  Explanations        and   moralising      are   usually    sheer    clatter。   Some     few
  stories   necessarily   include   a   little   explanation;   and   stories   of   the   fable
  order may quaintly end with an obvious moral。 But here again; the rule is
  great discretion。
  It   is   well   to   remember   that   you   have   one   great   advantage   over   the
  writer of stories。 The writer must present a clear image and make a vivid
  impression;all with words。 The teller has face; and voice; and body to do
  it with。 The teller needs; consequently; but one swiftly incisive verb to the
  writer's   two;   but   one   expressive   adjective   to   his   three。   Often;   indeed;   a
  pause and an expressive gesture do the whole thing。
  It may be said here that it is a good trick of description to repeat an
  epithet or phrase once used; when referring again to the same thing。 The
  recurrent adjectives of   Homer were   the device of one   who entertained   a
  childlike   audience。   His   trick   is   unconscious   and   instinctive   with   people
  who have   a   natural   gift   for   children's   stories。   Of   course   this   matter   also
  demands common sense in the degree of its use; in moderation it is a most
  successful device。
  Brevity; close logical sequence; exclusion of foreign matter; unhesitant
  speech;to use these is to tell a story directly。
  After simplicity and directness; comes that quality which to advise; is
  to become a rock of offence to many。 It is the suggestion; 〃Tell the story
  DRAMATICALLY。〃 Yet   when   we   quite   understand   each   other   as   to   the
  meaning   of   〃dramatically;〃   I   think   you   will   agree   with   me   that   a   good
  story…teller   includes   this   in   his   qualities   of   manner。   It   means;   not   in   the
  manner of the elocutionist; not excitably; not any of the things which are
  incompatible        with   simplicity   and     sincerity;   but   with    a  whole…    hearted
  throwing of oneself into the game; which identifies one in a manner with
  the   character   or situation   of   the   moment。   It   means   responsively;   vividly;
  without interposing a blank wall of solid self between the drama of the tale
  and the mind's eye of the audience。
  It is such fun; pure and simple; so to throw oneself into it; and to see
  the answering expressions mimic one's own; that it seems superfluous to
  urge    it。  Yet   many   persons      do   find   it  difficult。  The    instant;   slight   but
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  suggestive change of voice; the use of onomatopoetic words; the response
  of   eyes   and   hands;  which   are   all immediate   and   spontaneous   with   some
  temperaments;   are   to   others   a   matter   of   shamefacedness   and   labour。   To
  those; to all who are not by nature bodily expressive; I would reiterate the
  injunction     already    given;   not   to  pretend。    Do   nothing     you   cannot    do
  naturally and happily。 But lay your stress on the inner and spiritual effort
  to appreciate; to feel; to imagine out the tale; and let the expressiveness of
  your body grow gradually with the increasing freedom from crippling self…
  consciousness。   The   physique   will   become   more   mobile   as   the   emotion
  does。
  The    expression      must;   however;      always    REMAIN        SUGGESTIVE
  RATHER   THAN   ILLUSTRATIVE。   This   is   the   side   of   the   case   which
  those    who    are  over…dramatic      must   not   forget。  The    story…  teller  is  not
  playing the parts of his stories; he is merely arousing the imagination of
  his hearers to picture the scenes for themselves。 One element of the dual
  consciousness of the tale…teller remains always the observer; the reporter;
  the quiet outsider。
  I like to think of the story…teller as a good fellow standing at a great
  window overlooking a busy street or a picturesque square; and reporting
  with gusto to the comrade in the rear of the room what of mirth or sadness
  he   sees;   he  hints at   the policeman's   strut;  the organ…  grinder's shrug; the
  schoolgirl's gaiety; with a gesture or two which is born of an irresistible
  impulse   to   imitate;   but   he   never   leaves   his   fascinating   post   to   carry   the
  imitation further than a hint。
  The   verity   of   this   figure   lies   in   the   fact   that   the   dramatic   quality   of
  story…telling     depends     closely    upon    the  CLEARNESS           AND     POWER
  WITH       WHICH       THE     STORY…TELLER           VISUALISES         THE     EVENTS
  AND CHARACTERS HE DESCRIBES。 You must hold the image before
  the mind's eye; using your imagination to embody to yourself every act;
  incident and appearance。 You must; indeed; stand at the window of your
  consciousness and watch what happens。
  This is a point so vital that I am tempted to put it in ornate type。 You
  must SEE what you SAY!
  It is   not too   much;  even;  to   say;  〃You   must   see  more  than   you say。〃
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  True vividness is lent by a background of picture realised by the listener
  beyond what you tell him。 Children see; as a rule; no image you do not see;
  they see most clearly what you see most largely。 Draw; then; from a full
  well; not from a supply so