第 2 节
作者:沸点123      更新:2021-02-27 02:03      字数:9322
  The faces relaxed into amused smiles; sobered in unconscious sympathy;
  finally broke in ripples of mirth。 The story…teller had come to her own。
  The memory of the college girls listening to the mouse…story brought
  other   memories   with   it。   Many   a   swift   composite   view   of   faces   passed
  before my mental vision; faces with the child's look on them; yet not the
  faces of children。 And of the occasions to which the faces belonged; those
  were   most vivid   which  were   earliest   in my  experience。  For   it   was those
  early experiences which first made me realise the modern possibilities of
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  the old; old art of telling stories。
  It   had   become   a   part   of   my   work;   some   years   ago;   to   give   English
  lectures   on   German   literature。   Many   of   the   members   of   my   class   were
  unable to read in the original the works with which I dealt; and as these
  were modern works; it was rarely possible to obtain translations。
  For this reason; I gradually formed the habit of telling the story of the
  drama or novel in question before passing to a detailed consideration of it。
  I enjoyed this part of the lesson exceedingly; but it was some time before I
  realised how much the larger part of the lesson it had become to the class。
  They   usedand   they   were   mature   womento   wait   for   the   story   as   if   it
  were   a   sugarplum   and   they;   children;   and   to   grieve   openly   if   it   were
  omitted。      Substitution     of   reading    from    a  translation     was    greeted    with
  precisely the same abatement of eagerness that a child shows when he has
  asked   you   to   tell   a   story;   and   you   offer;   instead;   to   〃read   one   from   the
  pretty book。〃 And so general and constant were the tokens of enjoyment
  that there could ultimately be no doubt of the power which the mere story…
  telling exerted。
  The   attitude   of   the   grown…up   listeners   did   but   illustrate   the   general
  difference      between      the  effect    of  telling   a   story   and   of   reading    one。
  Everyone       who    knows     children     well   has   felt  the   difference。    With    few
  exceptions; children listen twice as eagerly to a story told as to one read;
  and even a 〃recitation〃 or a so…called 〃reading〃 has not the charm for them
  that the person wields who can 〃tell a story。〃 And there are sound reasons
  for their preference。
  The     great    difference;     including     lesser   ones;    between      telling   and
  reading is that the teller is free; the reader is bound。 The book in hand; or
  the wording of it in mind; binds the reader。 The story…teller is bound by
  nothing; he stands or sits; free to watch his audience; free to follow or lead
  every changing mood; free to use body; eyes; voice; as aids in expression。
  Even his mind is unbound; because he lets the story come in the words of
  the moment; being so full of what he has to say。 For this reason; a story
  told    is  more     spontaneous       than    one    read;   however      well    read。   And;
  consequently;   the   connection   with   the   audience   is   closer;   more   electric;
  than is possible when the book or its wording intervenes。
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  Beyond this advantage; is the added charm of the personal element in
  story…telling。 When you make a story your own and tell it; the listener gets
  the story; PLUS YOUR APPRECIATION OF IT。 It comes to him filtered
  through your own enjoyment。 That is what makes the funny story thrice
  funnier on the lips of a jolly raconteur than in the pages of a memoir。 It is
  the filter of personality。 Everybody has something of the curiosity of the
  primitive   man   concerning   his   neighbour;   what   another   has   in   his   own
  person   felt   and   done   has   an   especial   hold   on   each   one   of   us。  The   most
  cultured     of   audiences     will   listen  to   the  personal     reminiscences      of   an
  explorer  with   a   different   tingle   of   interest   from  that   which   it   feels   for   a
  scientific   lecture   on   the   results   of   the   exploration。   The   longing   for   the
  personal     in   experience     is  a  very   human      longing。    And    this  instinct   or
  longing is especially strong in children。 It finds expression in their delight
  in   tales   of  what    father   or  mother     did   when    they   were    little;  of  what
  happened to grandmother when she went on a journey; and so on; but it
  also extends to stories which are not in themselves personal: which take
  their personal savour merely from the fact that they flow from the lips in
  spontaneous; homely phrases; with an appreciative gusto which suggests
  participation。
  The greater ease in holding the attention of children is; for teachers; a
  sufficient practical reason for telling stories rather than reading them。 It is
  incomparably   easier   to   make   the   necessary   exertion   of   〃magnetism;〃   or
  whatever it may be called; when nothing else distracts the attention。 One's
  eyes   meet   the   children's   gaze   naturally   and   constantly;   one's   expression
  responds to and initiates theirs without effort; the connection is immediate。
  For the ease of the teacher; then; no less than for the joy of the children;
  may   the   art   of   story…   telling   be  urged   as   pre…eminent   over   the   art     of
  reading。
  It is a very old; a very beautiful art。 Merely to think of it carries one's
  imaginary vision to scenes of glorious and touching antiquity。 The tellers
  of the stories of which Homer's Iliad was compounded; the transmitters of
  the    legend    and    history    which     make     up   the   Gesta    Romanorum;         the
  travelling   raconteurs   whose   brief   heroic   tales   are   woven   into   our   own
  national epic; the grannies of age…old tradition whose stories are parts of
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  Celtic   folk…lore;   of   Germanic   myth;   of Asiatio   wonder…tales;   these   are
  but younger brothers and sisters to the generations of story…tellers whose
  inventions are but vaguely outlined in resultant forms of ancient literatures;
  and the names of whose tribes are no longer even guessed。 There was a
  time when story…telling was the chiefest of the arts of entertainment; kings
  and warriors could ask for nothing better; serfs and children were satisfied
  with nothing less。 In all times there have been occasional revivals of this
  pastime; and in no time has the art died out in the simple human realms of
  which   mothers   are queens。   But perhaps   never;  since the   really  old   days;
  has    story…telling    so   nearly   reached     a  recognised      level  of   dignity   as   a
  legitimate and general art of entertainment as now。
  Its   present    popularity     seems    in  a  way    to   be  an   outgrowth      of  the
  recognition      of   its  educational     value    which    was    given   impetus     by   the
  German pedagogues of Froebel's school。 That recognition has; at all events;
  been a noticeable factor in educational conferences of late。 The function of
  the   story   is   no   longer   considered   solely   in   the   light   of   its   place   in   the
  kindergarten; it is being sought in the first; the second; and indeed in every
  standard where the children are still children。 Sometimes the demand for
  stories is made solely in the interests of literary culture; sometimes in far
  ampler and vaguer relations; ranging from inculcation of scientific fact to
  admonition of moral theory; but whatever the reason given; the conclusion
  is the same: tell the children stories。
  The   average   teacher   has   yielded   to   the   pressure;   at   least   in   theory。
  Cheerfully;   as   she   has   already   accepted   so   many   modifications   of   old
  methods by 〃new thought;〃 she accepts the idea  of instilling mental   and
  moral     desiderata     into  the   receptive    pupil;    via  the   charming      tale。  But;
  confronted with the concrete problem of what desideratum by which tale;
  and how; the average teacher sometimes finds her cheerfulness displaced
  by a sense of inadequacy to the situation。
  People   who   have   always   told   stories   to   children;   who   do   not   know
  when   they   began   or   how   they   do   it;   whose   heads   are   stocked   with   the
  accretions   of   years   of   fairyland…   dwelling   and   nonsens