more　durable。
  Some　inks　which　are　fairly　permanent　against　time
  if　not　tampered　with；　can　be　removed　with　water。
  This　is　true　of　the　most　lasting　of　inks；the　old
  〃Indian。〃
  In　ancient　Latin　MSS。　the　words　fuco；　fucosus
  and　fucus　are　found　to　be　frequently　employed。　It
  is　interesting　to　note　the　variations　in　their　meaning：
  FUCO。To　color；　paint　or　dye　a　red　color。
  FUCOSUS。Colored；　counterfeit；　spurious；　painted；　etc。
  FUCUS。Rock　lichen　（orchil）　red　dye。　Red　or
  purple　color。　The　（reddish）　juice　with　which　bees
  stop　up　the　entrance　to　their　hives。　Bee　glue。
  FUCUS。A　drone。
  In　Japan　the　word　〃ink〃　possesses　more　than
  one　meaning　Four　hundred　Inksone　degree　of
  sixty　miles。〃　（See　Geographical　Grammar；　of　1737；　page　3。）
  〃Say　what　you　will　Sir；　but　I　know　what　I　know；
  That　you　beat　me　at　the　Mart；　I　have　your　hand　to　show；
  If　the　skin　were　Parchment；　and　the　blows　you　gave　were　Ink；
  Your　own　Hand…writing　would　tell　you　what　I　think。〃
  Comedy　of　Errors；　iii；　1。
  The　first　book　ever　printed　in　Europe；　to　wit；　a
  copy　of　〃Tully's　Offices；〃　is　carefully　preserved　in　Holland。
  White's　Latin…English　Dictionary；　1872；　distinguishes
  the　words　Atramentum　and　Sutorium　in　their　interpretations。
  ATRAMENTUM。The　thing　serving　for　making
  black。　A　black　liquid　of　any　kind。　A　writing　ink。
  Shoemaker's　black。　Blue　vitriol。
  SUTORIUM。Belonging　to　a　shoemaker。
  Before　the　employment　of　blotting　paper　a　pounce…
  box　which　contained　either　powdered　gum　sandarach
  and　ground　cuttle…fish　bones；　or　powdered　charcoal；　sand
  and　like　materials　was　used　by　shaking　it　like　a　pepper…
  box　on　freshly　written　manuscripts。
  Blotting　paper　as　first　employed　consisted　of　very
  thin　sheets　and　of　a　dark　pink　color；　which　fashion
  changed　to　blue　in　later　years。
  Good　blotting　paper　of　the　present　time　removes
  fully　two　thirds　of　fresh　ink　when　used　on　HARD
  finished　paper。
  Blotting　paper　should　not　be　used　upon　records。
  Its　use　removes　the　body　of　the　ink；　leaving　discoloration；
  but　nothing　for　penetration。　In　inks　intended
  for　copying；　the　employment　of　blotting　paper　is
  especially　bad。
  〃Thou　hast　most　traitorously　corrupted　the　youth　of
  the　realm　in　erecting　a　Grammar　School；　and
  whereas；　before；　our　forefathers　had　no　other
  books　but　the　score　and　the　tally；　thou　hast
  caused　printing　to　be　used；　and　contrary　to　the
  King；　his　crown　and　dignity；　thou　hast　built　a
  paper　mill。〃
  2　King　Henry　VI；　iv；　5。
  Mr。　Knight　relates　a　conversation　between　Dr。　Gale
  and　a　gentlemen　from　the　West　relative　to　the　introduction
  of　some　material　into　ink　to　prevent　moulding。
  Dr。　Gale　had　astonished　his　friend　by　stating
  〃will　prevent　the　deposition　of　the　ova　of　infusoria
  animalcutae；〃　when　it　was　suggested　that　he　add
  〃and　the　sporadic　growths　of　thallogenic　cryptograms
  and　be　fatal　to　the　fungi。〃
  The　University　of　Pennsylvania　claims　to　possess
  the　oldest　piece　of　writing　in　the　world　and　which　is
  on　a　fragment　of　a　vase　found　at　Nippur。　It　is　an
  inscription　in　picture　writing　supposed　to　have　been
  made　4；500　years　before　Christ。
  Wafers　were　not　introduced　until　the　close　of　the
  sixteenth　century。
  The　Persians　in　ancient　times；　some　800　years
  B。　C。；　were　in　the　habit　of　celebrating　certain　festivals
  and　it　is　related　that　in　the　month　of　December　one
  of　their　ceremonies　was　that　of　driving　the　Dives
  （spirits）　out　of　their　houses。
  For　this　purpose　the　Magi　wrote　certain　words
  with　saffron　on　skins；　papyrus　or　wood　and　then
  smoked　it　over　a　fire。　The　spell　thus　prepared　was
  glued　or　nailed　to　the　inside　of　the　door；　which　was
  painted　red。　The　priest　then　took　sand；　which　he
  spread　with　a　long　knife；　whilst　he　muttered　certain
  prayers　and　then　throwing　it　on　the　floor　the　enchantment
  was　complete；　and　the　Dives　were　supposed
  immediately　to　vanish；　or　at　least　to　be　deprived　of
  all　malignant　influence。
  Aristotle's　work　on　the　Constitution　of　Athens；
  B。　C。　340；　or　probably　the　copy　made　by　Tyrannio；
  was　discovered　transcribed　underneath　farm　accounts
  of　land　in　the　district　of　Hermopolis　in　Egypt　in　the
  reign　of　Vespasian；　A。　D。　9　to　79。
  In　MSS。　written　before　the　invention　of　printing
  and　indeed　for　many　years　after；　the　title　page　if　any；
  will　be　found　on　the　last　page　with　the　date。
  〃Let　lawyers　bawl　and　strain　their　throats；
  'Tis　I　that　must　the　lands　convey；
  And　strip　their　clients　to　their　coats；
  Nay；　give　their　very　souls　away！〃
  DEAN　SWIFT；　〃On　ink。〃
  〃It　is　certain　that　in　their　treaties　with　the
  European　Greeks　of　Constantinople　the　Arabs
  always　stipulated　for　the　delivery　of　a　fixed　number
  of　manuscripts。　Their　enthusiasm　for　Aristotle　is
  equally　notorious；　but　it　would　be　unjust　to　imagine
  that；　in　adopting　the　Aristotelian　method；　together
  with　the　astrology　and　alchemy　of　Persia；
  and　of　the　Jews　of　Mesopotamia　and　Arabia；　they
  were　wholly　devoid　of　originality。〃
  The　〃Arabic〃　numerals　which　we　now　employ　are
  probably　of　Indian　origin；　having　been　brought　by
  Arab　traders　from　the　East　and　introduced　by　them
  into　Spain　in　the　middle　ages；　whereas　they　spread
  over　Europe　coming　in　use　in　England　perhaps　about
  the　eleventh　century。　But　whether　India　invented
  them　or　borrowed　from　Greek　or　other　traders　from
  the　West　is　unknown。
  The　ancient　writing　implement　known　as　the　stylus
  was　made　of　every　conceivable　material；　sometimes
  with　the　precious　metals；　but　usually　of　iron；　and　on
  occasion　might　be　turned　into　formidable　weapons。
  It　was　with　his　stylus　that　Caesar　stabbed　Casca　in　the
  arm；　when　attacked　in　the　senate　by　his　murderers；
  and　Caligula　employed　some　person　to　put　to　death　a
  senator　with　a　like　instrument。
  In　the　reign　of　Claudius　women　and　boys　were
  searched　to　ascertain　whether　there　were　any　styluses
  in　their　pen　cases。　Stabbing　with　the　pen；　therefore；
  is　not　merely　a　metaphorical　expression。
  Sir　William　Gore　Ouseley；　a　famous　diplomat　and
  savant；　who　was　living　at　the　beginning　of　the　nineteenth
  century；　during　his　long　residence　in　India
  spent　a　fortune　in　the　collection　of　ancient　Persic　and
  Arabic　MSS。　In　1807　he　permitted　them　to　be　examined
  by　Beloe；　whose　description　of　a　few　will　bear
  repeating：
  〃No。　1。　A　Koran；　in　the　Cufi　or　Cufic　character；
  said　to　be　written　by　Ali；　the　son…in…law　of
  Mahammed；　the　Arabian　prophet。　The　substance
  upon　which　this　curious　manuscript　is　written
  appears　to　be　a　fine　kind　of　asses'　skin　or　vellum；
  and　the　ink　of　a　red；　brownish　colour。　The　ends
  of　verses　are　marked　by　large　stars　of　gold。　If
  written　by　Ali；　it　must　be　nearly　twelve　hundred
  years　old；　but　at　all　events　may　be　considered　as
  very　ancient；　many　hundred　years　having　elapsed
  since　the　use　of　the　Cufi　character　has　given　way
  to　the　Neskh；　Suls；　etc。；　etc。　This　manuscript　is
  still　in　excellent　preservation。〃
  〃No。　4。　Beharistan；　'The　Garden　of　Spring。'
  A　book　on　ethics　and　education；　illustrated　by　interesting
  anecdotes　and　narratives；　written　both　in
  verse　and　prose；　in　imitation　of　the　Gulistan；　or
  'Rose　garden'　of　Saadi；　and　like　it　divided　into
  eight　chapters；　composed　by　Nuruddin；　Abdurrahman
  Jami；　ben　Ahmed　of　the　village　of　Jam；　near
  Herat。　He　was　born　A。　H。　817　and　died　at　the
  age　of　81　years　（about　A。　D。　1492）。　As　a　grammarian；
  theologist　and　poet　he　was　unequalled；　and
  his　compositious　are　as　voluminous　as　they　are
  excellent。　The　enormous　expense　which　people
  have　incurred　to　possess　accurate　copies　of　and　to
  adorn　and　embellish　his　works；　is　no　small　proof
  of　the　great　estimation　in　which　they　were　held　by
  the　literati　of　the　East。〃
  〃This　volume　is　a　small　folio；　consisting　of　134
  pages；　written　in　the　most　beautiful　Nastilik
  character；　by　the　famous　scribe　Mohammed　Hussein；
  who；　in　consequence　of　his　inimitable　penmanship；
  obtained　the　title　of　Zerin　Kalm；　or　'Pen　of
  Gold。'　The　leaves　are　of　the　softest　Cashmirian
  paper；　and　of　such　modest　shades　of　green；　blue；
  brown；　dove；　and　fawn　colors；　as　never　to　offend
  the　eye　by　their　glare；　although　richly　powdered
  with　gold。　The　margins；　which　are　broad；　display
  a　great　variety　of　chaste　and　beautiful　delineations
  in　liquid　gold；　no　two　pages　being　alike。　Some
  are　divided　into　compartments；　others　are　in　running
  patterns；　in　all　of　which　the　illuminations
  show　the　most　correct；　and　at　the　same　time　fanciful
  taste。　Many　are　delineations　of　field　sports；
  which；　though　simple　outlines　of　gold；　are　calculated
  to　afford　the　highest　gratifications　to　the　lover　of
  natural　history；　as　well　as　the　artist；　from　the
  uncommon　accuracy　with　which　the　forms　of　the
  elephant；　rhinoceros；　buffalo；　lion；　tiger；　leopard；
  panther；　lynx；　and　other　Asiatic　animals　are　portrayed。
  It　appears；　by　the　names　which　a