called　Paper　Mill　run；　which　empties　into　the　Wissahicken
  river；　was　located　the　site　which　in　company
  with　William　Bradford；　a　printer；　he　chose　for
  his　mill。　The　paper　was　made　from　linen　rags；
  mostly　the　product　of　flax　raised　in　the　vicinity　and
  made　first　into　wearing　apparel。
  It　was　Reaumer；　who　in　1719　first　suggested　the
  possibility　of　paper　being　made　from　wood。　He
  obtained　his　information　on　this　subject　from　examination
  of　wasps'　nests。
  Matthias　Koops　in　1800　published　a　work　on
  〃Paper〃　made　from　straw；　wood　and　other　substances。
  His　second　edition　appeared　in　1801　and
  was　composed　of　old　paper　re…made　into　new。　Another
  work　on　the　subject　of　〃Paper　from　Straw；　&c。；〃
  by　Piette；　appeared　in　1835；　which　said　work　contains
  more　than　a　hundred　pages；　each　one　of　which
  was　made　from　a　different　kind　of　material。
  Many　other　valuable　works　are　obtainable　which
  treat　of　rag　paper　manufacture　and　the　stories　they
  tell　are　instructive　as　well　as　interesting。
  CHAPTER　XXXI。
  MODERN　INK　BACKGROUNDS　（WOOD　PAPER　AND　〃SAFETY〃
  PAPER）。
  SOME　GENERAL　OBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　PAPER…MAKING
  MATERIALSPROBABILITIES　AS　TO　THE　FUTURE　OF
  THE　PUBLIC　RECORDSESTIMATION　OF　SUCH　MATTERS
  BY　THE　LATE　POPEINVENTION　OF　WOOD…PULP　PAPER
  ITS　LASTING　QUALITIESTHE　THREE　KINDS　OF　SUCH
  PAPER　DEFINEDDISCUSSION　OF　THE　SUBJECT　OF
  FUNGI　IN　PAPER　BY　GLYDESOME　TESTS　TO　ASCERTAIN
  THE　MATERIAL　OF　WHICH　PAPER　IS　COMPOSED
  TESTS　AS　TO　SIZING　AND　THE　DETERMINATION　OF　THE
  DIRECTION　OF　THE　GRAINABSORBING　POWERS　OF
  BLOTTING　PAPERTESTS　FOR　GROUND　WOODNEW
  MODE　OF　ANALYSTSWHEN　THE　FIRST　〃SAFETY〃
  PAPER　WAS　INVENTEDTHE　MANY　KINDS　OF　〃SAFETY〃
  PAPER　AND　PROCESSES　IN　THEIR　MANUFACTURE
  CHRONOLOGICAL　REVIEW　COVERING　THIS　SUBJECT
  SURVEY　OF　THE　VARIOUS　PROCESSES　IN　THE　TREATMENT
  AND　USE　OF　〃SAFETY〃　PAPERONLY　THREE
  CHEMICAL　〃SAFETY〃　PAPERS　NOW　ON　THE　MARKET
  WHY　IT　IS　POSSIBLE　TO　RAISE　SOME　MONETARY
  INSTRUMENTS。
  PAPER　manufacturers　have　tried　all　the　pulp…making
  substances。　This　statement　to　the　unlearned　must
  seem　curious；　because　in　the　very　early　times　they
  were　content　with　a　single　material　and　that　did　not
  even　require　to　be　first　made　into　the　form　of　pulp。
  When　the　supply　of　papyrus　failed；　it　was　rags　which
  they　substituted。　By　the　simplest　processes　they
  produced　a　paper　with　which　our　best　cannot　compare。
  In　some　countries　great　care　is　exercised　in
  selecting　the　quality　of　paper　for　official　use；　in　others
  none　at　all。
  What　will　be　the　state　of　our　archives　a　few　hundred
  years　hence；　if　they　be　not　continually　recopied？
  Some　of　the　printed　paper　rots　even　more　quickly
  than　written。
  The　late　Pope　at　one　time　invited　many　of　the
  savants；　chemists　and　librarians　of　Europe；　to　meet
  at　Einsiedlen　Abbey　in　Switzerland。　He　requested
  that　the　subject　of　their　discussions　should　be　both
  ink　and　paper。　He　volunteered　the　information；
  already　known　to　the　initiated；　that　the　records　of
  this　generation　in　his　custody　and　under　his　control
  were　fast　disappearing　and　unless　the　writing　materials
  were　much　improved　he　estimated　that　they
  would　entirely　disappear。　It　is　stated　that　at　this
  meeting　the　Pope's　representative　submitted　a　number
  of　documents　from　the　Vatican　archives　which
  are　scarcely　decipherable　though　dated　in　the　nineteenth
  century。　In　a　few　of　those　of　dates　later　than
  1873　the　paper　was　so　tender　that　unless　handled
  with　exceptional　care；　it　would　break　in　pieces　like
  scorched　paper。
  These　conditions　are　in　line　with　many　of　those
  which　prevail　with　few　exceptions　in　every　country；
  town　or　hamlet。
  A　contributory　cause　as　we　know　is　a　class　of　poor
  and　cheap　inks　now　in　almost　universal　use。　The
  other　is　the　so…called　〃modern〃　or　wood…pulp　paper
  in　general　vogue。
  Reaumur；　as　already　stated；　back　in　1719　suggested
  from　information　gathered　in　examinations　of　wasps'
  nests；　that　a　paper　might　be　manufactured　from
  wood。　This　idea　does　not　appear　to　have　been　acted
  upon　until　many　years　later；　although　in　the　interim
  inventors　were　exhausting　their　ingenuity　in　the
  selection　of　fibrous　materials　from　which　paper　might
  be　manufactured。
  The　successful　introduction　of　wood　as　a　substitute
  for　or　with　rags　in　paper　manufacture　until　about
  1870　was　of　slow　growth；　since　which　time　vast
  quantities　have　been　employed。　In　this　country
  alone　millions　of　tons　of　raw　material　are　being　imported
  to　say　nothing　of　home　products。
  Its　value　in　the　cause　of　progress　of　some　arts
  which　contribute　greatly　to　our　comfort　and　civilization
  cannot　be　overestimated；　but　nevertheless　the
  wood　paper　is　bound　to　disintegrate　and　decay；　and
  the　time　not　very　far　distant　either。　Hence；　its　use
  for　records　of　any　kind　is　always　to　be　condemned。
  There　are　three　classes　of　wood　pulp；　mechanical
  wood；　soda　process；　and　the　sulphite。　The　first　or
  mechanical　wood　is　a　German　invention　of　1844；
  where　the　logs　after　being　cut　up　into　proper　blocks；
  were　then　ground　against　a　moving　millstone　against
  which　they　were　pressed　and　with　the　aid　of　flowing
  water　reduced　to　a　pulpy　form。　This　pulp　was
  transported　into　suitable　tanks　and　then　pumped　to
  the　〃beaters。〃
  The　soda　process　wood　and　sulphite　wood　pulp　are
  both　made　by　chemical　processes。　The　first　was
  invented　by　Meliner　in　1865。　The　preparation　of
  pulp　by　this　process　consists　briefly　in　first　cutting　up
  the　logs　into　suitable　sections　and　throwing　them
  into　a　chipping　machine。　The　chips　are　then　introduced
  into　tanks　containing　a　strong　solution　of
  caustic　soda　and　boiled　under　pressure。
  The　sulphite　process　is　substantially　the　same　except
  that　the　chips　are　thrown　into　what　are　called
  digesters　and　fed　with　the　chemicals　which　form　an
  acid　sulphite。　The　real　inventor　of　this　latter　process
  is　not　known。
  The　chemicals　employed　in　both　of　these　processes
  compel　a　separation　of　the　resinous　matters　from　the
  cell　tissues　or　cellulose。　These　products　are　then
  treated　in　the　manufacturing　of　paper　with　few　variations；
  the　same　as　the　ordinary　rag　pulp。
  These　now　perfected　processes　are　the　results　of　long
  and　continuing　experimentations　made　by　many　inventors。
  The　following　paper　was　read　before　the　London
  Society　of　Arts　by　Mr。　Alfred　Glyde；　in　May；　1850；
  and　is　equally　applicable　to　some　of　the　wood　paper
  of　the　present　day：
  〃Owing　to　the　imperfections　formerly　existing
  in　the　microscope；　little　was　known　of　the　real　nature
  of　the　plants　called　fungi　until　within　the　last
  few　years；　but　since　the　improvements　in　that　instrument
  the　subject　of　the　development；　growth；
  and　offices　of　the　fungi　has　received　much　attention。
  They　compose；　with　the　algae　and　lichens；
  the　class　of　thallogens　（Lindley）；　the　algae　existing
  in　water；　the　other　two　in　air　only。　A　fungus
  is　a　cellular　flowerless　plant；　fructifying　solely　by
  spores；　by　which　it　is　propagated；　and　the　methods
  of　attachment　of　which　are　singularly　various　and
  beautiful。　The　fungi　differs　from　the　lichens　and
  algae　in　deriving　their　nourishment　from　the
  substances　on　which　they　grow；　instead　of　from　the
  media　in　which　they　live。　They　contain　a　larger
  quantity　of　nitrogen　in　their　constitution　than　vegetables
  generally　do；　and　the　substance　called　'fungine'
  has　a　near　resemblance　to　animal　matter。
  Their　spores　are　inconceivably　numerous　and　minute；
  and　are　diffused　very　widely；　developing
  themselves　wherever　they　find　organic　matter　in　a
  fit　state。　The　principal　conditions　required　for
  their　growth　are　moisture；　heat；　and　the　presence
  of　oxygen　and　electricity。　No　decomposition　or
  development　of　fungi　takes　place　in　dry　organic
  matter；　a　fact　illustrated　by　the　high　state　of
  preservation　in　which　timber　has　been　found　after　the
  lapse　of　centuries；　as　well　as　by　the　condition　of
  mummy…cases；　bandages；　etc。；　kept　dry　in　the　hot
  climate　of　Egypt。　Decay　will　not　take　place　in　a
  temperature　below　that　of　the　freezing　point　of
  water；　nor　without　oxygen；　by　excluding　which；　is
  contained　in　the　air；　meat　and　vegetables　may　be
  kept　fresh　and　sweet　for　many　years。
  〃The　action　which　takes　place　when　moist　vegetable
  substances　are　exposed　to　oxygen　is　that　of
  slow　combustion　（'eremacausis'）；　the　oxygen
  uniting　with　the　wood　and　liberating　a　volume　of
  carbonic　acid　equal　to　itself；　and　another　portion
  combining　with　the　hydrogen　of　the　wood　to　form
  water。　Decomposition　takes　place　on　contact　with
  a　body　already　undergoing　the　same　change；　in　the
  same　manner　that　yeast　causes　fermentation。　Animal
  matter　enters　into　combination　with　oxygen　in
  precisely　the　same　way　as　vegetable　matter；　but　as；
  in　addition　to　carbon　and　hydrogen；　it　contains　nitrogen；
  the　products　of　the　eremacausis　are　more
  numerous；　being　carbon　and　nitrate　of　ammonia；
  carburetted　and　sulphuretted　hydrogen；　and　water；
  and　these　a