modest　place。
  The　first　traces　of　its　existence　are　to　be　found　at
  Stein；　a　village　not　far　from　Nuremberg。　As　far　back
  as　the　year　1726　the　church　registers　mention　marriages
  between　〃black…lead　pencil　makers；〃　and；　at　a
  later　date　references　are　found　in　the　same　registers
  to　〃black…lead　cutters〃　of　both　sexes。
  The　manufacture　of　black…lead　pencils；　however；
  occupied　a　position　on　the　very　lowest　rung　of　the
  industrial　ladder。
  But　is　time　proceeded　the　Bavarian　government
  directed　their　attention　to　this　branch　of　industry；
  and　did　all　in　their　power　to　encourage　it；　and；　as
  early　as　the　year　1766；　a　Count　von　Kronsfeld　obtained
  a　concession　to　establish　a　lead　pencil　factory
  at　Jettenbach。　Later　on；　in　the　year　1816；　the
  Bavarian　government　established　a　royal　lead　pencil
  manufactory　at　Obernzell　（Hafnerzell）；　and　introduced
  into　it　the　French　process；　described　above；　of　using
  clay　as　a　binding　medium　for　graphite。
  CHAPTER　XXVIII。
  ANCIENT　INK　BACKGROUNDS　（THE　ORIGIN　OF　PAPYRUS）。
  FROM　WHENCE　COMES　THE　NAME　PAPERFIRST　CENTURY
  COMMENT　ABOUT　ITKNIGHT'S　COMMENTS　MORE　THAN
  1；800　YEARS　LATERPAPYRUS　AN　EGYPTIAN
  REEDNAMES　BESTOWED　BY　ANCIENT　WRITERSTHE
  SAME　NAMES　AS　EMPLOYED　IN　MODERN　TIMESLEAVES
  OF　PLANTS　PRECEDED　THE　INVENTION　OF　PAPYRUS
  WHEN　IT　WAS　THAT　ROLLED　RECORDS　CAME　INTO
  VOGUEVARRO'S　ESTIMATION　AS　TO　THE　ORIGINAL　USE
  OF　PAPYRUS　NOT　CORRECTREAL　FACTS　RESPECTING
  THE　INTRODUCTION　OF　PAPYRUS　BEYOND　THE　LIMITS　OF
  EGYPTCHARACTER　OF　MATERIALS　EMPLOYED　BY　THE
  GREEKS　BEFORE　THAT　EPOCHEMPLOYMENT　OF　IT
  FOR　LITERARY　PURPOSESADOPTION　OF　PARCHMENT
  AND　VELLUMPAPYRUS　MSS。　EMPLOYED　IN　THE　FORM
  OF　ROLLS　AND　THE　REASON　FOR　SAMEANCIENT
  MANUFACTURE　OF　PAPYRUS　IN　EGYPTSOME　OF　THE　NAMES
  USED　TO　DESIGNATE　DIFFERENT　KINDSPLINY'S
  DESCRIPTION　OF　THE　MANUFACTURE　OF　PAPYRUS　AND　HIS
  MISINFORMATION　ABOUT　ITWHERE　IT　FLOURISHED
  BESTPAPYRUS　AS　KNOWN　TO　THE　HEBREWS　AND　ITS
  BIBLICAL　MENTIONMANUFACTURE　OF　PAPYRUS　IN
  THE　ANCIENT　CITY　OF　MEMPHISCHARACTERISTICS　OF
  THE　PAPER　EMPLOYED　BY　THE　MEXICANSMR。　HARRIS'S
  DISCOVERY　OF　ANCIENT　FRAGMENTS　OF　PAPYRUS
  THE　STORY　ABOUT　IT　AS　TOLD　BY　THE　LONDON
  ATHENaeUMDATES　OF　THE　OLDEST　KNOWN　SPECIMENS
  OF　GREEK　PAPYRIDATE　OF　THE　FIRST　DISCOVERY
  OF　GREEK　PAPYRIUSE　OF　OTHER　PLIABLE　MATERIALS
  WITH　PAPYRUSHOW　THEY　WERE　PREPARED
  FOR　WRITING　PURPOSESDOUBTS　AS　TO　TIME　THAT
  ROLLED　RECORDS　SUPERSEDED　TABLET　FORMSSUGGESTIONS
  BY　NOEL　HUMPHREYSVIEWS　ENTERTAINED
  BY　EARLIER　WRITERS。
  THE　name　paper　is　derived　from　papyrus；　a　reed
  grown　in　Egypt；　whose　stalk　furnished　for　so　many
  centuries　the　principal　material　for　writing　upon　to
  the　people　of　that　country　and　those　bordering　on
  the　Mediterranean　Sea。　In　the　first　century　of　the
  Christian　era　the　younger　Pliny　remarks：
  〃All　the　usages　of　civilized　life　depend　in　a
  remarkable　degree　upon　the　employment　of　paper。
  At　all　events；　the　remembrance　of　past　events。〃
  A　statement　which　has　caused　Mr。　Knight　to　make
  the　following　comment：
  〃This　observation；　undoubtedly　true　1；800　years
  ago；　is　much　more　remarkably　so　now；　indeed；　in
  considering　that　paper　as　we　now　understand　it
  was　entirely　unknown　to　Europe　in　the　time　of
  Pliny；　the　expression　of　the　great　dependence
  upon　what　seems　to　us　so　fragile　and　inefficient　a
  substitute　for　real　paper　appears　strange。〃
  Mr。　Knight　also　says　that　the　Greek　name　papuros；
  mentioned　by　Theophrastus；　a　contemporary　of　Aristotle
  and　Alexander；　was　probably　the　Egyptian　name
  of　the　reed　with　a　Greek　termination。　It　was　also
  called　biblos　by　Homer　and　Herodotus；　whence　our
  term　bible。　The　term　volumen；　a　scroll；　indicates　the
  early　form　of　a　book　of　bark；　papyrus；　skin；　or　parchment；
  as　the　term　liber　（Latin；　a　book；　or　the　inner
  bark　of　a　tree）　does　the　use　of　the　bark　itself。　Hence
  also　our　terms　library　and　librarian。　〃Book〃　is
  also　derived　from　the　Danish　word　bog；　the　bark　of
  the　beech。
  Pliny　quoting　Varro；　who　preceded　him　some　two
  centuries；　asserts　that　before　the　invention　of　papyrus；
  the　large　leaves　of　certain　plants　were　prepared　so
  that　they　could　be　written　upon。　Hence　originates
  our　term　〃leaves〃　of　a　book　which　in　the　Latin　form
  folium　has　also　given　us　the　modern　term　folio。
  When；　however；　the　reed　pen　and　the　pencil　brush
  and　their　kindred　substances　denominated　colored
  liquids　or　inks；　came　into　vogue；　some　material　on
  which　characters　could　be　inscribed　and　preserved　in
  the　shape　of　continuous　rolls　for　record　and　other
  uses　became　necessary。　The　papyrus　plant　seems　to
  have　met　every　requirement。　It　is　a　noteworthy　fact
  that　all　information　which　can　be　derived　from　any
  source；　specifically　calls　attention　to　papyrus　and
  sometimes　the　inner　barks　of　trees　as　being　coexistent
  with　pen　and　ink。
  Varro　has　been　credited　with　many　statements
  which　in　the　light　of　investigation　and　discovery　are
  proved　to　be　incorrect。　One　of　these　is　in　effect
  that　the　use　of　papyrus　was　an　incident　pertaining　to
  the　expeditions　of　Alexander　the　Great。　This　assertion
  is　not　only　contradicted　by　Pliny；　the　historian；
  who　calls　attention　to　〃books　of　papyrus　found　in　the
  tomb　of　Numa　〃　（Numa　Pompilius；　the　second　king　of
  Rome；　B。　C。　716…672；）　but　even　at　this　late　day　many
  monuments　of　ancient　papyri　are　still　extant　and　belonging
  to　periods　more　than　a　thousand　years　before
  Alexander's　time。
  The　real　facts　in　respect　to　this　matter　are；　that
  the　introduction　of　the　use　of　papyrus　to　nations　beyond
  the　limits　of　Egypt　was　an　event　that　did　not
  take　place　until　after　the　reign　of　the　first　Macedonian
  sovereign　of　Egypt；　Ptolemy　Lagus　（B。　C。　323）　when；
  in　return　for　Greek　literature；　Egypt　gave　back　her
  papyrus。　Before　this　epoch　the　Greeks　had　been　in
  the　habit　of　employing　such　materials　as　linen；　wax；
  bark　and　leaves　for　ordinary　writing　purposes；　while
  their　public　records　were　inscribed　on　stone；　brass；
  lead　or　other　metals。
  Papyrus　as　then　introduced　into　those　western
  countries　was　the　only　substance　for　a　long　period
  employed　for　literary　purposes。
  Parchment　and　vellum；　which　were　adopted　there
  as　writing　materials　about　two　centuries　later；　were
  too　costly　to　be　used　so　long　as　papyrus　was　within
  reach。
  When　the　use　of　this　ancient　paper　had　become
  established　in　the　countries　bordering　on　the　Mediterranean；
  all　the　MSS。　assumed　the　form　of　rolls；　being
  rolled　on　cylinders　of　wood；　ivory；　bronze；　glass　and
  other　substances。　Sometimes；　the　ends　were　decorated
  by　various　ornaments。　As　a　rule　only　one　side　of
  the　material　was　written　upon。　This　was　due　largely
  to　the　fact　of　its　brittle　character　which　would　cause
  it　to　break　if　rolled　or　bent　the　wrong　way。
  The　ancient　manufacture　of　papyrus　for　export
  was　carried　on　in　Egypt　on　an　extensive　scale　and
  in　the　most　systematic　manner。　A　gradual　improvement
  in　quality　was　the　result；　some　of　the　kinds
  being　given　well…known　Roman　names　which　are
  mentioned　by　contemporary　writers。　The　kind　employed
  by　the　Romans　for　ordinary　use　was　designated
  Charta。　More　expensive　qualities　were　known　as
  〃Augusta；〃　〃Livinia；〃　〃Hieratica；〃　etc。；　the　latter
  being　reserved　for　religious　books。　Some　kinds　were
  sold　by　weight　and　employed　by　the　tradesmen　for
  wrapping　purposes；　while　the　bark　of　the　plant　was
  manufactured　into　cord　and　rope。
  The　methods　of　the　manufacture　of　papyrus　as　a
  writing　material　Pliny　undertakes　to　describe　at
  great　length；　and　while　he　asserts　many　things　from
  probable　knowledge　and　the　information　at　hand　in
  his　time；　yet　he　is　not　always　correct。　He　says　that
  the　reed　stalks　were　cut　into　lengths　and　separated
  〃by　splitting　the　successive　folds　of　the　stalk　with　a
  fine　metal　point。〃
  Mr。　Knight；　who　investigated　this　matter　with　care；
  is　authority　for　the　statement；　that　the　papyrus　stalk
  as　seen　under　the　microscope　shows　that　it　does　not
  possess　successive　folds；　but　is　a　triangular　stalk　with
  a　single　envelope　with　a　pith　on　the　inside；　which
  could　only　be　divided　into　slices　with　a　knife；　either
  in　stripes　of　a　width　permitted　by　the　sides　of　the　prism；
  or　else　shaved　round　and　round；　like　the　operation　of
  cork　making；　and　producing　a　long　spiral　shaving。
  In　the　description　which　Pliny　gives　of　the　various
  homes　of　this　plant　in　Egypt；　he　calls　particular
  attention　to　its　abundance　in　marshy　places　where
  the　Nile　overflows　and　stagnates：　〃It　grows　like　a
  great　bulrush　from　fibrous；　reedy　roots；　and　runs　up
  in　several　triangular　stalks　to　a　considerable　height。〃
  They　possessed　large　tufted　heads；　but　only　the　stem
  was　fit　for　making　into　paper。　After　the　pellicles　or
  thin　coats　were　removed　from　the　stalk；　they　were
  laid　upon　tables　two　or　more　over　each　other　and
  glued　together　with　the　muddy　and　glutinous　water
  of　the　Nile　or　with　fine　paste　made　of　wheat　flour；
  after　being　pressed　and　drie