weight　of　water。〃
  Such　an　ink　prepared　after　this　receipt　would　be　a
  strictly　pure　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　WITHOUT　any
  〃added〃　color　whatever。
  The　estimation　in　which　such　an　ink　is　held　by　the
  majority　of　the　ink　manufacturers　is　best　illustrated
  by　quoting　from　two　of　the　most　prominent　ones；　and
  thus　enable　the　reader　to　draw　his　own　conclusions。
  〃We　do　not　make　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink
  without　added　color；　and　so　far　as　we　know；　there
  is　no　such　ink　on　the　market；　as　it　would　be　practically
  colorless　and　illegible。〃
  *　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*
  〃There　is　no　such　ink　（a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink
  without　added　color）　manufactured　by　any　ink…
  maker　as　far　as　I　know。　It　is　obsolete。〃
  The　commercial　names　bestowed　on　the　multitude
  of　different　inks　placed　on　the　market　by　manufacturers
  during　the　last　century　are　in　the　thousands。
  A　few　of　them　are　cited　as　indicative　of　their　variety；
  some　of　which　are　still　sold　under　these　names。
  Kosmian　Safety　Fluid；　Bablah　Ink；　Universal　Jet
  Black；　Treasury　Ledger　Fluid；　Everlasting　Black　Ink；
  Raven…Black　Ink；　Nut…gall　Ink；　Pernambuco　Ink；　Blue
  Post　Office　Ink；　Unchangeable　Black；　Document　Safety
  Ink；　Birmingham　Copying　Ink；　Commercial　Writing
  Fluid；　Germania　Ink；　Horticultural　Ink；　Exchequer
  Ink；　Chesnut　Ink；　Carbon　Safety　Ink；　Vanadium　Ink；
  Asiatic　Ink；　Terra…cotta　Ink；　Juglandin　Ink；　Persian
  Copying；　Sambucin；　Chrome　Ink；　Sloe　Ink；　Steel　Pen
  Ink；　Japanese　Ink；　English　Office　Ink；　Catechu　Ink；
  Chinese　Blue　Ink；　Alizarin　Ink；　School　Ink；　Berlin
  Ink；　Resin　Ink；　Water…glass　Ink；　Parisian　Ink；　Immutable
  Ink；　Graphite　Ink；　Nigrilin　Ink；　Munich　Ink；
  Electro…Chemical；　Egyptian　Black；　〃Koal〃　Black
  Ink；　Ebony　Black　Ink；　Zulu　Black；　Cobalt　Black；
  Maroon　Black；　Aeilyton　Copying；　Dichroic；　Congress
  Record；　Registration；　〃Old　English；〃　etc。
  The　list　of　over　200　names；　which　follow；　includes
  those　of　manufacturers　of　the　best　known　foreign　and
  domestic　〃black〃　inks　and　〃chemical　writing　fluids〃
  in　use　during　the　past　century；　as　well　as　those
  of　the　present　time。
  Adriana
  Allfield
  Anderson
  Antoine
  Arnaudon
  Arnold
  Artus
  Ballade
  Ballande
  Barnes
  Bart
  Bartram
  Beaur
  Behrens
  Belmondi
  Berzelius
  Bizanger
  Blackwood
  Blair
  Bolley
  Bonney
  Bossin
  Boswell
  Bottger
  Boutenguy
  Braconnot
  Brande
  Bufeu
  Bufton
  Bure
  Carter
  Caw
  Cellier
  Champion
  Chaptal
  Chevallier
  Clarke
  Close
  Cochrane
  Collin
  Cooke
  Coupier　and　Collins
  Coxe
  Crock
  Cross
  Darcet
  Davids
  Davis
  Delunel
  Delarve
  Delang
  Derheims
  Dize
  Draper
  Druck
  Duhalde
  Dumas
  Dumovlen
  Dunand
  Dunlap
  Ellis
  Eisner
  Faber
  Faucher
  Faux
  Featherstone
  Fesneau
  Fontenelle
  Ford
  Fourmentin
  Freeman
  Fuchs
  Gaffard
  Gastaldi
  Geissler
  Geoffroy
  Gebel
  Goold
  Goupeir
  Grasse
  Green
  Guesneville
  Gullier
  Guyon
  Guyot
  Haenles
  Hager
  Haldat
  Hanle
  Hare
  Harrison
  Hausman
  Heeren
  Henry
  Herepath
  Hevrant
  Higgins
  Hogy
  Hunt
  Hyde
  Jahn
  James
  Joy
  Karmarsch
  Kasleteyer
  Kindt
  Klaproth
  Kloen
  Knaffl
  Knecht
  Lanaux
  Lanet
  Larenaudiere
  Lemancy
  Lenormand
  Leonhardi
  Lewis
  Ley　Kauf
  Link
  Lipowitz
  Lorme
  Luhring
  Lyons
  MacCullogh
  Mackensic
  Mathieu
  Maurin
  Maynard　and　Noyes
  Melville
  Mendes
  Meremee
  Merget
  Minet
  Moller
  Moore
  Mordan
  Moser
  Morrell
  Mozard
  Murray
  Nash
  Nissen
  Ohme
  Ott
  Paul
  Payen
  Perry
  Peltz
  Petibeau
  Platzer
  Plissey
  Pomeroy
  Poncelet
  Prollius
  Proust
  Pusher
  Rapp
  Reade
  Redwood
  Reid
  Remigi
  Reinmann
  Rheinfeld
  Ribaucourt
  Ricker
  Roder
  Ruhr
  Runge
  Sanford
  Schaffgotoch
  Schleckum
  Schmidt
  Schoffern
  Scott
  Seldrake
  Selmi
  Simon
  Souberin
  Souirssean
  Stafford
  Stark
  Stein
  Stephens
  Stevens
  Syuckerbuyk
  Swan
  Tabuy
  Tarling
  Thacker
  Thomas
  Thumann
  Todd
  Tomkins
  Trialle
  Triest
  Trommsdorff
  Underwood
  Vallet
  Van　Moos
  Vogel
  Wagner
  Walkden
  Wallach
  Waterlous
  Windsor　and　Newton
  Winternitz
  Woodmansee
  Worthington
  CHAPTER　XXIII。
  CHEMICO…LEGAL　INK。
  ESTIMATED　VALUE　OF　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCE　AS　HELD　BY
  THE　COURT　OF　APPEALSNOW　BEYOND　THE　PURVIEW　OF
  CRITICISMVERDICTS　IN　THE　TRIALS　OF　CAUSES　AFFECTED
  BY　SUCH　EVIDENCELENGTH　OF　TIME　NECESSARY
  TO　OVERCOME　PREJUDICE　AND　IGNORANCE
  WHERE　OBJECTIONS　TO　SUCH　EVIDENCE　EMANATE
  SOME　OBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　SUCH　EVIDENCE　GENERALLY
  WHEN　PRECEDENT　WAS　MADE　TO　CHEMICALLY
  EXAMINE　A　COURT　EXHIBIT　BEFORE　TRIALTHE
  CONTROVERSY　IN　WHICH　JUDGE　RANSOM　MADE　THIS　NEW
  DEPARTURECITATION　OF　THE　CASE　AND　ITS　OUTCOME
  DECISION　IN　THE　GORDON　WILL　CASE　OBTAINED
  BY　THE　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCECOMPLETE　STORY
  ABOUT　ITHISTORY　OF　THE　DIMON　WILL　CASE　AND
  HOW　CHEMISTRY　MADE　IT　POSSIBLE　TO　CONSIDER
  ITOPINION　OF　JUDGE　INGRAHAMPEOPLE　OF　THE
  STATE　OF　NEW　YORK　V。　CODYTHE　ATTEMPT　TO　PROVE
  AN　ALLEGED　〃GOULD〃　BIRTH　CERTIFICATE　GENUINE；
  FRUSTRATED　BY　CHEMICAL　EVIDENCETHE　DEFENDANT
  CONVICTEDTHE　PEOPLE　V。　KELLAMCHEMICAL
  EVIDENCE　MAKES　THE　TRUTH　KNOWNTHE　HOLT
  WILL　CASE　AND　THE　EVIDENCE　WHICH　AFFECTED　ITS
  RESULTTHE　TIGHE　WILL　CASEOPINION　OF　JUDGE
  FITZGERALD。
  〃The　administration　of　justice　profits　by　the
  progress　of　science；　and　its　history　shows　it　to
  have　been　almost　the　earliest　in　antagonism　to
  popular　delusion　and　superstition。　The　revelations
  of　the　microscope　are　constantly　resorted　to　in
  protection　of　individual　and　public　interests。　。　。　。
  If　they　are　relied　upon　as　agencies　for　accurate
  mathematical　results　in　mensuration　and　astronomy；
  there　is　no　reason　why　they　should　be　deemed
  unreliable　in　matters　of　evidence。　Wherever　what
  they　disclose　can　aid　or　elucidate　the　just　determination
  of　legal　controversies　there　can　be　no　well…
  founded　objection　to　resorting　to　them。〃　Frank
  v。　Chemical　Nat。　Bank；　37　Superior　Court　（J。　&
  S。）　34；　affirmed　in　Court　of　Appeals；　84　N。　Y。
  209。
  THIS　decision　by　a　final　court　of　adjudicature；　expresses
  in　no　uncertain　terms　the　now　generally　estimated
  value　of　evidence　which　science　may　reveal。
  The　importance　which　that　branch　of　it　denominated
  〃Chemico…legal　ink〃　has　attained　and　its　utilization
  in　many　trials　of　causes　both　civil　as　well　as　criminal；
  places　it　beyond　the　purview　of　criticism　or　objection。
  With　the　introduction　of　a　new　class　of　inks　in　the
  last　two　decades；　its　scope　has　been　much　broadened。
  Innumerable　verdicts　by　juries　wherever　the　system
  prevails；　all　over　the　world；　the　opinions　of　learned
  judges；　whether　presiding　during　a　jury　trial　or　sitting
  alone；　more　or　less　affected　by　this　character　of　evidence；
  presents　fairly　the　trend　of　the　views　of　the
  public　mind　respecting　it。
  Constant　experiment　and　successful　demonstrations；
  covering　a　period　of　over　fifty　years；　was　necessary　to
  overcome　prevailing　prejudices　and　ignorance。
  The　conditions　to…day；　which　happily　obtain；　are
  that　the　objection　to　the　introduction　of　such　evidence
  finds　its　source　usually　in　the　side　seeking　to　obscure
  and　hide　the　truth　or　facts；　while　the　honest　litigant
  or　innocent　individual　hastens　to　advocate　its　employment。
  Another　feature　worthy　of　consideration　is　that
  persons　who　possess　intimate　knowledge　of　ink　chem。
  istry　and　who　might　otherwise　successfully　perpetrate
  fraud　if　opportunity　presented　itself；　refrain　from
  making　the　attempt　because　of　that　very　knowledge；
  which　is　sufficient　also　to　teach　them　of　the　possible
  exposure　of　their　efforts。　Again；　they　and　others　are
  aware　of　the　reliance　placed　on　chemico…legal　evidence
  as　an　aid　to　the　cause　of　justice　by　courts　and
  juries　and　this　is　an　added　reason　why　they　hesitate
  to　take　chances。　These　propositions　being　true；　they
  establish　another　one；　viz：　that　most　of　the　attempted
  frauds　at　the　present　time　in　this　connection；　are　by
  the　ignorant　and　those　whose　conceit　does　not　permit
  them　to　believe　that　any　one　knows　more　than　themselves。
  Chemico…legal　ink　evidence　as　before　stated　has
  been　employed　in　the　trials　of　causes　for　many　years；
  but　it　was　not　until　the　year　1889　that　a　precedent
  was　established　for　the　chemical　examination　of　a
  suspected　document　preceding　any　trial。　The　honor
  of　this　departure　from　the　ordinary　modes　of　procedure
  belongs　to　the　Hon。　Rastus　S。　Ransom；　who　was
  surrogate　of　the　county　of　New　York　at　the　time。
  The　matter　in　controversy　was　an　alleged　will　executed
  in　triplicate　by　one　Thomas　J。　Monroe。　Charges
  were　made　that　the　three　wills　were　spurious；　as　they
  were　facsimiles　of　each　other。　It　was　for　the　main
  purpose　of　determining　the　methods　of　their　make…up
  that　Judge　Ransom　rendered　the　opinion　and　made
  the　order　for　its　chemical　examination　which　is　cited
  i