〃Bacteria　in　InkAccording　to　experiments
  which　have　recently　been　completed　at　Berlin　and
  Leipzig　by　the　leading　bacteriologists　of　Germany
  the　ordinary　inks　literally　teem　with　bacilla　of　a
  dangerous　character；　the　bacteria　taken　therefrom
  sufficing　to　kill　mice　and　rabbits　inoculated　therewith
  in　the　space　of　from　one　to　three　days。〃
  *　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*
  〃The　most　easy　and　neat　method　of　forming
  letters　of　gold　on　paper；　and　for　ornaments　of
  writing　is；　by　the　gold　ammoniac；　as　it　was　formerly
  called：　the　method　of　managing　which　is　as
  follows：
  〃Take　gum　ammoniacum；　and　powder　it；　and
  then　dissolve　it　in　water　previously　impregnated
  with　a　little　gum　arabic；　and　some　juice　of　garlic。
  The　gum　ammoniacum　will　not　dissolve　in　water；
  so　as　to　form　a　transparent　fluid；　but　produces　a
  milky　appearance；　from　whence　the　mixture　is
  called　in　medicine　the　lac　ammoniacum。　With　the
  lac　ammoniacum　thus　prepared；　draw　with　a　pencil；
  or　write　with　a　pen　on　paper；　or　vellum；　the
  intended　figure　or　letters　of　the　gilding。　Suffer　the
  paper　to　dry；　and　then；　or　any　time　afterwards；
  breath　on　it　till　it　be　moistened；　and　immediately
  lay　leaves　of　gold；　or　parts　of　leaves　cut　in　the
  most　advantageous　manner　to　save　the　gold；　over
  the　parts　drawn　or　written　upon　with　the　lac
  ammoniacum；　and　press　them　gently　to　the　paper
  with　a　ball　of　cotton　or　soft　leather。　When　the
  paper　becomes　dry；　which　a　short　time　or　gentle
  heat　will　soon　effect；　brush　off；　with　a　soft　pencil；
  or　rub　off　by　a　fine　linen　rag；　the　redundant　gold
  which　covered　the　parts　between　the　lines　of　the
  drawing　or　writing；　and　the　finest　hair　strokes　of
  the　pencil　or　pen；　as　well　as　the　broader；　will　appear
  perfectly　gilt。〃
  It　is　usual　to　see　in　old　manuscripts；　that　are　highly
  ornamented；　letters　of　gold　which　rise　considerably
  from　the　surface　of　the　paper　or　parchment　containing
  them　in　the　manner　of　embossed　work；　and　of　these
  some　are　less　shining；　and　others　have　a　very　high
  polish。　The　method　of　producing　these　letters　is　of
  two　kinds；　the　one　by　friction　on　a　proper　body　with
  a　solid　piece　of　gold：　the　other　by　leaf　gold。　The
  method　of　making　these　letters　by　means　of　solid　gold
  is　as　follows：
  〃Take　chrystal；　and　reduce　it　to　powder。　Temper
  it　then　with　strong　gum　water；　till　it　be　of　the
  consistence　of　paste；　and　with　this　form　the　letters；
  and；　when　they　are　dry；　rub　them　with　a
  piece　of　gold　of　good　colour；　as　in　the　manner　of
  polishing；　and　the　letters　will　appear　as　if　gilt　with
  burnisht　gold。〃
  （Kunckel；　in　his　fifty　curious　experiments；　has　given
  this　receipt；　but　omitted　to　take　the　least　notice　of
  the　manner　these　letters　are　to　be　formed；　though
  the　most　difficult　circumstance　in　the　production　of
  them。）
  CHAPTER　XXII。
  INK　INDUSTRY。
  IMPORTANCE　OF　HONEST　INK　MANUFACTUREABSENCE
  OF　INFORMATION　AS　TO　NAMES　OF　MOST　ANCIENT　INK
  MAKERS；WHERE　TO　LOOK　FOR　ANCIENT　INKTHEIR
  PHENOMENAL　IDENTITYINK　AND　PAPER　AS　ASIATIC
  INVENTIONS　ENTER　EUROPE　IN　THE　TWELFTH　CENTURY
  BOTH　IN　GENERAL　USE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH
  CENTURYMONKS　AND　SCRIBES　AS　THEIR　OWN　INK
  MANUFACTURERSMODERN　INDUSTRY　OF　INK　BEGINS
  IN　1625ITS　GROWTH　AND　PRESENT　SITUATIONTHE
  GENERAL　IGNORANCE　OF　THE　SUBJECTINK　INDUSTRY
  IN　THE　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURYTHE　FIRST　PIONEERS
  ABROAD　AND　THOSE　AT　HOMEOBSERVATIONS
  RESPECTING　INK　PHENOMENA　OF　THE　PAST　EIGHTY
  YEARSWHAT　SOME　INK　MAKERS　SAY　ABOUT　ITLITTLE
  DEMAND　FOR　PURE　INKSSOME　SKETCHES　OF　THE
  LEADING　INK　MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　WORLDESTIMATION
  OF　QUANTITY　OF　INK　MADE　IN　THE　UNITED
  STATESTHE　〃LIFE〃　OF　A　MARK　MADE　WITH　ORDINARY
  WRITING　FLUIDESTIMATION　OF　MOST　INKS　BY　PROFESSORS
  BAIRD　AND　MARKOEFORMULA　OF　THE　OFFICIAL
  INK　OF　THE　STATE　OF　MASSACHUSETTSVIEWS
  OF　SOME　PROMINENT　INK　MANUFACTURERS　ABOUT
  SUCH　INKSOME　COMMERCIAL　NAMES　BESTOWED　ON
  DIFFERENT　INKSTHE　200　OR　MORE　NAMES　OF　INK
  MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　NINETEENTH　CENTURY。
  THE　consideration　of　the　effect　of　the　use　of　ink
  upon　civilization　from　primitive　times　to　the　present；
  as　we　have　seen；　offers　a　most　suggestive　field　and
  certifies　to　the　importance　of　the　manufacture　of　honest
  inks　as　necessary　to　the　future　enlightenment　of
  society。　That　it　has　not　been　fully　understood　or
  even　appreciated　goes　without　saying；　a　proper　generalization
  becomes　possible　only　in　the　light　of　corroborative
  data　and　the　experiences　of　the　many。
  History　has　not　given　us　the　names　of　ancient　ink
  makers；　but　we　can　believe　there　must　have　been
  during　a　period　of　thousands　of　years　a　great　many；
  and　that　the　kinds　and　varieties　of　inks　were　without
  number。　Those　inks　which　remain　to　us　are　to　be
  found　only　as　written　with　on　ancient　MSS。；　they
  are　of　but　few　kinds；　and　in　composition　and　appearance
  preserve　a　phenomenal　identity；　though　belonging
  to　countries　and　epochs　widely　separated。　This
  identity　leads　to　the　further　conclusion　that　ink　making
  must　have　been　an　industry　at　certain　periods；
  overlooked　by　careful　compounders　who　distributed
  their　wares　over　a　vast　territory。
  〃Gall〃　ink　and　〃linen〃　paper　as　already　stated　are
  Asiatic　inventions。　Both　of　them　seem　to　have　entered
  Europe　by　way　of　Arabia；　〃hand　in　hand〃　at　the　very
  end　of　the　eleventh　or　beginning　of　the　twelfth　centuries
  and　for　the　next　two　hundred　years；　notwithstanding
  the　fact　that　chemistry　was　almost　an　unknown　science
  and　the　secrets　of　the　alchemists　known　only　to　the
  few；　this　combination　gradually　came　into　general
  vogue。
  In　the　fourteenth　century　we　find　one　or　both　of
  them　more　or　less　substituted　for　〃Indian〃　ink；　parchment；
  vellum　and　〃cotton〃　paper。　It　was；　however；
  the　monks　and　scribes　who　manufactured　for　their
  own　and　assistants'　use　〃gall〃　ink；　just　as　they　had
  been　in　the　habit　of　preparing　〃Indian〃　ink　when
  required；　which　so　far　as　known　was　not　always　a
  commodity。
  As　an　industry　it　can　be　said　to　have　definitely
  begun　when　the　French　government　recognized　the
  necessity　for　one；　A。　D。　1625；　by　giving　a　contract
  for　〃a　great　quantity　of　'gall　ink'　to　Guyot；〃　who
  for　this　reason　seems　to　occupy　the　unique　position
  of　the　father　of　the　modern　ink　industry。
  Ink　manufacture　as　a　growing　industry　heretofore
  and　to　a　large　extent　at　present；　occupies　a　peculiarly
  anomalous　situation。　Other　industries　follow　the　law
  of　evolution　which　may　perhaps　bear　criticism；　but
  the　ink　industry　follows　none；　nor　does　it　even　pretend
  to　possess　any。
  Thousands　are　engaged　in　its　pursuit；　few　of　whom
  understand　either　ink　chemistry　or　ink　phenomena。
  The　consumer　knows　still　less；　and　with　blind　confidence
  placidly　accepts　nondescript　compounds　labeled
  〃Ink；〃　whether　purchased　at　depots　or　from　〃combined〃
  itinerant　manufacturing　peddlers　and　with
  them　write　or　sign　documents　which　some　day　may
  disturb　millions　of　property。　And　yet　in　a　comparative
  sense　it　has　outpaced　all　other　industries。
  With　the　commencement　of　the　eighteenth　century
  we　find　the　industry　settling　in　Dresden；　Chemnitz；
  Amsterdam；　Berlin；　Elberfield　and　Cologne。　Still
  later　in　London；　Vienna；　Paris；　Edinburgh　and　Dublin；
  and　in　the　first　half　of　the　nineteenth　century　in
  the　United　States；　it　had　begun　to　make　considerable
  progress。
  Among　the　first　pioneers　of　the　later　modern　ink
  industry　abroad；　may　be　mentioned　the　names　of
  Stephens；　Arnold；　Blackwood；　Ribaucourt；　Stark；
  Lewis；　Runge；　Leonhardi；　Gafford；　Bottger；　Lipowitz；
  Geissler；　Jahn；　Van　Moos；　Ure；　Schmidt；　Haenle；　Elsner；
  Bossin；　Kindt；　Trialle；　Morrell；　Cochrane；　Antoine；
  Faber；　Waterlous；　Tarling；　Hyde；　Thacker；　Mordan；
  Featherstone；　Maurin；　Triest　and　Draper。
  In　the　period　covered　by　the　nineteenth　century
  at　home；　the　legitimate　industry　included　over　300
  ink　makers。　Those　best　known　are　Davids；　Maynard
  and　Noyes；　Carter；　Underwood；　Stafford；　Moore；　Davis；
  Thomas；　Sanford；　Barnes；　Morrell；　Walkden；　Lyons；
  Freeman；　Murray；　Todd；　Bonney；　Pomeroy；　Worthington；
  Joy；　Blair；　Cross；　Dunlap；　Higgins；　Paul；　Anderson；
  Woodmansee；　Delang；　Allen；　Stearns；　Gobel；　Wallach；
  Bartram；　Ford　and　Harrison。
  The　ink　phenomena　included　in　the　past　eighty
  years　has　demonstrated　a　continuing　retrogression　in
  ink　manufacture　and　a　consequent　deterioration　of
  necessary　ink　qualities。　When　the　attention　of　some
  ink　makers　are　addressed　to　these　sad　facts；　they
  attribute　them；　either　to　the　demand　of　the　public
  for　an　agreeable　color　and　a　free　flowing　ink；　or　to　an
  inability　to　compete　with　inferior　substitutes；　which
  have　flooded　the　market　since　the　discovery　of　the
  coal　tar　colors；　they　have　been　compelled　to　depart
  from　old　and　tried　formulas；　in　the　extravagant　use
  （misuse）　of　the　so…called　〃added〃　color。
  An　exceptional　few　of　the　older　firms　continue　to
  catalogue　unadulterated　〃gall〃　inks；　but　the　demand
  for　them　except　in　localities　where　the　law
  COM