第 35 节
作者:辩论      更新:2021-02-27 01:30      字数:9322
  chloride; orange; tartar…emetic; red; and if the
  marks are faded ones; solutions of sulphate of iron
  or bichromate of potash will restore them respectively
  to a violet or blue…black color。
  Prussian blue; aniline blue and indigo blue are to
  be tested as follows: Solution of chloride of lime; no
  change of color for prussian blue; decoloration or
  faint yellow for aniline blue or indigo。 To discriminate
  between the two latter; test with solution of
  caustic soda; when decoloration or change of color
  will indicate aniline blue and permanence will indicate
  presence of indigo blue。
  In the manufacture of the blue…black inks; a variety
  of violets have been and are still employed。 Among
  them are aniline violet; iodine violet; madder; alkanet;
  orchil and logwood。
  (a) Apply chloride of lime solution: 1。 No change
  of color indicates alkanet。 2。 Any change; one of
  the other five。
  (b) Apply lemon juice: 1。 The violet becomes
  brighter if it is one of the aniline violets; to be
  distinguished from each other by applying one part of
  hydrochloric acid to three parts of water; when it will
  become violet…blue; changing to red if it is common
  aniline…violet; but blue changing to a green hue and
  upon adding plain water to a lilac or pearl gray if it
  is iodine…violet (Hoffman's)。 It will also turn from
  red to yellow in lemon juice。 To test for the other
  three violets: (a) Apply chloride of lime; to be followed
  by a solution of yellow prussiate of potash:
  absence of a blue coloration leaves orchil and logwood
  to be considered。 To distinguish between them apply
  solution of hydrate of lime; whereby a change to
  gray; followed by complete decoloration indicates logwood;
  and a change to violet…blue; orchil。
  The substances utilized with but few exceptions for
  red ink are the 〃eosins;〃 possessing different names
  like erythrosine; as well as different hues。 Antecedent
  to about thirty…five years ago; cochineal (known
  as 〃carmine〃); madder; Brazil wood and saffron formed
  the basis of most of the red inks。
  Make a soap solution adding a small quantity of
  ammonia; lemon juice; muriate of tin; all in water:
  1。 No change upon application indicates madder。
  2。 Any change; the presence of one of the three other
  reds: (a) thus a complete decoloration with a return
  of the color indicates saffron; (b) reappearance of the
  red color though weaker; aniline…red: (c) production
  of a yellowish red or light yellow color; cochineal or
  Brazil wood; to be distinguished from each other by
  the application of concentrated sulphuric acid; when
  Brazil wood will at once give a bright cherry…red; and
  cochineal a yellowish orange。
  No yellow inks are in commercial use。 Documents
  do; however; often contain yellow marks about which
  information is required as to their origin。 As a rule
  they are iron rust; picric acid; turmeric; fustic; weld;
  Persian berries or quercitron。 In order to recognize
  the different colors; the presence or absence of iron
  rust and picric acid must first be determined。
  Apply a warm sample of a slightly acid solution of
  yellow prussiate of potash; iron rust will be indicated
  by a blue coloration。
  Apply a weak solution of cyanide of potassium; picric
  acid will yield a blood…red coloration。
  If picric acid and iron rust are both absent; apply a
  bit of ordinary wetted soap: 1。 It turns reddish…brown
  and becomes yellow again with hydrochloric acid
  turmeric; 2。 It turns quite darkfustic; 3。 It is
  unaffectedweld; Persian berries or quercitron。 To
  distinguish between these three; apply sulphuric acid;
  the color of weld will disappear; and of the others
  remaining apply tin…salt solution; when a change to
  orange indicates Persian berries; and no change or a
  very slight one; quercitron。
  Inks containing also logwood; fustic; Brazil wood;
  or madder; were all of them more or less employed
  some years ago。 Their color phenomena; following
  long periods of time; is much the same。 Tests as prescribed
  in the accompanying table for such inks will
  serve to classify them preliminary to subsequent and
  more certain ones。
  LOGWOOD。         FUSTIC。
  Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid      Red…yellow      Red
  Dilute       〃             〃        Reddish         Yellow…Brown
  Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid Red             Red…Yellow
  〃   Sulphuric Acid 。 。         Black           Dark Purple
  Dilute         〃   〃                Red  Brown      Purple
  Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。          Black
  Stannous Chloride                   Violet          Yellow
  Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。             Gray…Brown      Yellow
  Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。          Dark Gray
  Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。                  Yellow…Red      Yellow
  Potash                              Dark Red        Yellow
  Potassium Permanganate             Light…Brown      Yellow
  〃    Iodide 。 。 。 。 。          Red…Yellow
  Pyrogallic Acid 。 。 。 。            Yellow…Brown     Yellow
  Chrome…yellow 。 。 。 。 。            Dark Violet
  Sodium (Salt)                      Violet           Red
  Sulphate of Iron                   Gray to Black
  Alum 。 。 。 。 。 。 。                Violet Red;Brown。 Faint Red
  BRAZIL WOOD。    MADDER。
  Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid       Light Red      Pale Yellow
  Dilute          〃          〃         Light Red      Pale Yellow
  Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid  Dark Purple    Pale Yellow
  〃   Sulphuric Acid 。 。          Red            Pale Yellow
  Dilute         〃   〃                 Purple         Pale Yellow
  Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。            …               …
  Stannous Chloride                    Light Red      Light Red
  Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。              Red Yellow     Pale Yellow
  Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。            …               …
  Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。                   No Change      Pale Yellow
  Potash                               Crimson        Light Red
  Potassium Permanganate                …               …
  Iodide 。 。 。 。 。                      …               …
  Pyrogallic Acid 。 。 。 。               …               …
  Chrome…yellow 。 。 。 。 。               …               …
  Sodium (Salt)                         …              Red
  Sulphate of Iron                     Dark Violet      …
  Alum 。 。 。 。 。 。 。                    …              Faint Red
  CHAPTER XIX。
  FRAUDULENT INK BACK GROUNDS。
  DETECTION OF ALTERATIONS IN DOCUMENTS BY CHEMICAL
  TESTS WHICH APPLY SOLELY TO THE PAPERACCURACY
  OF RESULTS OBTAINED BY USE OF IODINE
  EXCELS THAT OF ALL OTHER CHEMICALSIT APPLIES
  BEST TO LINEN PAPERMODERN HARD PAPER DOES
  NOT GIVE COMPLETE INFORMATIONEFFECT OF IODINE
  ON MARKS MADE BY A STYLUS OR GLASS PEN。
  FIFTY years ago and long before the employment of
  the fugitive 〃anilines〃 for ink uses; and 〃wood
  pulp〃 as a material for paper; two French chemists;
  Chevallier and Lassiagne; published in the Journal de
  Chimie Medical; an article 〃On the Means to be
  Employed for Detecting and Rendering Perceptible
  Fraudulent Alterations in Public and Private Documents;〃
  which as translated is valuable enough to
  quote in full:
  〃The numerous experiments which have been
  already tried at various times; have made known
  the processes which may frequently be put in practice
  for causing the reappearance of traces of writing
  effaced by chemical reactions; and for throwing
  light on the work of the guilty。 But there are
  cases in which all the means proposed for this purpose
  fail; and then the criminal may escape justice
  from the want of conclusive material proofs。 If;
  as has already been proved; it is not always possible
  to cause the reappearance of the effaced writing;
  for which written words have with a fraudulent
  intent been substituted; at least; as our
  experiments demonstrates; we may recognize; by
  some effects which are manifest on the surface of
  the altered paper; the places where the criminal act
  has been performed; circumscribe them by a simple
  chemical reaction visible to the least practiced eye;
  and even measure their extent。 In a word; the
  visible alterations produced on a deed are susceptible;
  owing to the partial modifications which the
  surface of the paper has undergone; of being differently
  affected by certain chemical actions; and
  of being rendered visible。 The following experiments;
  made in a judicial investigation; furnish us
  with the following facts:
  〃1st。 The surface of paper sized in the ordinary
  way; or letter paper; no longer presents with certain
  reactions; the same uniformity where it has
  been either accidently moistened in several places
  by various liquids; or left in contact for a certain
  time with agents capable of removing or destroying
  the characters which have been traced on it with
  ink。
  〃2d。 The application of a thin layer of gum; of
  starch; or farina; of ge