as　illustrations　of　its　permanency。　These
  statements　were　so　widely　different　that　I　pursued
  the　inquiry　further；　and　found　it　was　conceded　that；
  if　a　process　could　be　discovered　by　which　carbon
  could　be　dissolved　and　made　to　retain　its　color；　no
  known　substance　would　make　so　permanent　an　ink；
  but　that　there　was　no　such　process；　and　in　the　inks
  now　made　the　carbon　was　simply　held　in　suspension
  in　the　ink　without　any　chemical　union；　but　I
  found　also　that　improvement　has　been　made；　and
  that　it　is　possible　to　combine　the　carbon　with　chemicals
  which　will　cause　the　carbon　to　embody　itself。
  More　than　ordinary　care　should；　however；　be
  exercised　in　the　purchase　of　carbon　inks；　for　the
  lack　of　chemical　union　would　cause　a　tendency　to
  precipitate　the　carbon　if　the　ink　were　improperly　made。
  〃The　replies　to　the　inquiry；　'Do　you　advise
  generally　against　the　inks　known　as　writing　fluids；
  when　permanency　is　the　first　requisition？'　were　in
  a　way　the　most　unsatisfactory；　and　savored　somewhat
  of　advertising。　One　manufacturer　made　no
  fluid；　and　had　no　opinion　to　express。　Most　of　the
  others　made　fluids。　Nine　advised　generally　against
  their　use；　four　recommended　them　in　preference
  to　ink；　and　the　others　either　advised　generally
  against　them；　but　recommended　their　own；　or
  qualified　the　answer　in　such　a　way　as　to　throw
  doubt　on　them。
  〃The　argument　in　their　favor　seems　to　be　that
  their　fluidity　makes　them　permeate　the　paper；　and；
  in　the　change　of　color　which　usually　takes　place
  after　using；　a　dyeing　of　the　paper　results。　The
  objections　are；　that　to　obtain　the　fluidity　body
  must　be　sacrificed；　and　there　is　not　enough　substance
  deposited　upon　the　paper。　The　objections　made
  by　two　manufacturers　of　fluids　I　give　in　their　own
  words。
  〃　'We　advise　generally　against　the　inks　known
  simply　as　writing　fluidsthose　not　intended　to
  yield　a　letter…press　copybecause　they　are　universally
  made；　first；　with　as　little　solid　matter　as
  possible；i。　e。　weak；　second；　with　an　excess　of
  iron　beyond　that　required　to　combine　with　the　tannin；
  so　as　to　develop　all　the　color　possible　and
  flow　with　the　greatest　freedom。　The　combined
  writing　and　copying　fluids；　and　the　copying　fluids
  on　the　other　hand　if　properly　made；　may　be　justly
  recommended　where　permanency　is　the　first　requisition；
  particularly　the　older　ones；　which　should　be
  the　most　durable　of　all　nut…gall　and　iron　inks；　because
  in　them　particularly　concentration　is　aimed
  at；　and　the　iron　need　not　necessarily；　and　should
  not；　be　in　excess　of　that　required　to　combine　with
  the　tannin　present。　A　steel　pen　during　use　injures；
  and　often　greatly；　the　durability　of　a　writing　ink
  by　giving　up　iron　to　it。
  〃　'For　your　purpose；　where　extreme　permanency
  is　the　first　requisition；　I　should　not　advise　the　use　of
  an　ordinary　writing　fluid。　Many　manufacturers
  cannot　obtain　sufficient　fluidity　in　their　writing
  fluids　without　making　their　inks　very　dilute；　and
  observing　a　particular　method　of　manufacture
  which；　although　providing　more　attained　color　for
  a　time；　sacrifices　the　permanent　quality　of　their
  color　in　a　great　measure。　I　should　advise　the　use
  of　an　ink　decidedly　stronger。'
  〃The　addition　of　water　was　almost　universally
  condemned；　for　reasons　stated　later。　As　proof
  that　this　was　not　for　the　mercenary　purpose　of　indirectly
  advising　the　use　of　more　ink；　some　of　the
  manufacturers　said　the　ink　should　be　kept　in　small…
  mouthed　ink…stands；　and　when　not　in　use　should
  be　as　tightly　sealed　as　possible；　to　prevent　evaporation。
  〃In　reply　to　the　inquiry　as　to　whether　chemicals
  left　in　the　paper　ever　obliterated　the　ink；　several
  of　the　manufacturers　said　they　knew　of　such　cases；
  and　all　were　agreed　that；　if　the　chlorides　used　for
  bleaching　the　paper　were　not　washed　out；　they
  would　dangerously　affect　any　ink。　The　practice
  of　mixing　inks　was　universally　condemned。
  〃Permanency　against　the　action　of　time　is　the
  quality　sought　for　in　this　investigation；　and　it　is
  claimed　that　better　evidence　as　to　that　quality　is
  furnished　by　the　test　of　time　than　by　any　other；
  and　manufacturers　have　shown　or　referred　to
  specimens　of　writing　made　with　their　ink　many
  years　ago；　as　proof　of　its　merit　in　this　particular。
  If　there　was　any　surety　that　the　standard　of　quality
  was　always　kept　up　in　all　of　the　oldest　inks　on　the
  market；　it　would　be　safe　to　accept　that　test；　but
  this　may　not　be　a　fact；　and；　as　has　been　stated；
  some　of　the　recording　officers　believe　that　it　is　not。
  Moreover；　if　only　the　old　inks　were　to　be　accepted；
  it　would　be　against　the　spirit　of　the　age；
  which　is　to　adopt　the　improvements　which　science
  makes　possible；　and　manufacturers　who　at　great
  cost　of　time　and　money　have　made　improvements；
  would　be　deprived　of　the　compensation　which　they
  deserve。　The　old　inks　were　as　a　rule　heavy；　and
  had　a　tendency　to　settle；　and　the　endeavor　on　the
  part　of　some　manufacturers　has　been　to　preserve
  the　permanency；　and　at　the　same　time　produce
  thinner　inks　which　would　be　more　agreeable　to　use。
  〃Improvements　have　been　made　in　the　direction
  of　free…flowing　inks；　and　these　are　fast　becoming
  popular；　and；　while　for　correspondence　and　commercial
  uses　they　are　undoubtedly　sufficiently　permanent；
  for　records　many　of　them　are　not；　and　it
  was　with　a　view　of　preventing　the　use　of　these
  upon　records　that　this　investigation　was　made。
  No　attention　has　been　given　to　the　permanency
  of　the　inks；　as　against　their　removal　by　acids。
  〃The　use　of　proper　ink　is　considered　so　important
  by　the　British　government　that　the　inks
  used　in　the　public　departments　are　obtained　by
  public　tender；　in　accordance　with　the　conditions
  drawn　up　by　the　controller　of　H。　M。　stationery
  office；　with　the　assistance　of　the　chief　chemist　of
  the　inland　revenue　department；　to　whom　the　inks
  supplied　by　the　contractor　are　from　time　to　time
  submitted　for　analysis。　Suitable　inks　for　the　various
  uses　are　thus　obtained；　and　their　standard
  maintained。　The　last　form　of　'invitation　to　tender；'
  or　'proposal；'　as　we　term　it；　is　appended；
  as　being　instructive。
  I　cannot　learn　that　the　United　States　government
  uses　any　such　care　as　the　British　government
  in　the　matter　of　ink；　although　the　question　has
  been　a　troublesome　one　in　the　departments。
  〃The　State　department　issues　no　special　rules
  for　determining　suitable　inks；　or　requiring　that　particular
  inks　shall　be　used。　Proposals　are　asked　for
  the　lowest　bids　for　the　articles　of　stationery　required；
  the　last　form　of　proposal　asking　for　bids
  upon　seven　black　inks；　one　crimson；　and　one　writing
  fluid；　which　are　named。
  〃With　the　market　full　of　inks　worthless　for　records；
  the　only　safety　for　our　records　seems　to　be　in
  the　establishment　of　a　system　similar　to　the　English；
  which　shall　fix　upon　proper　inks　for　various
  uses；　which　all　recording　officers　shall　be　required
  to　use。
  〃I　believe　that　the　recording　officers　will　be
  glad　to　have　the　question　of　permanent　inks　decided
  for　them；　and　to　know　whether　inks　which
  were　in　use　many　years　ago；　and　have　stood　the
  test　thus　far；　are　maintained　at　their　old　standard。
  In　the　face　of　sharp　competition　among　manufacturers；
  they　fear　they　are　not。〃
  Mr。　Swan；　proceeding　still　further；　secured　the
  services　of　two　of　the　most　distinguished　professors
  of　chemistry　in　this　country；　Messrs。　Markoe　and
  Baird；　and　submitted　to　them　in　camera　sixty…seven
  samples　of　different　inks；　known　only　by　numbers；　for
  chemical　analysis；　in　a　long　and　exhaustive　report　on
  the　work　they　had　set　out　to　accomplish；　and　also　with
  a　dissertation　on　the　chemistry　of　inks　in　general；　they
  complete　their　report　as　follows：
  〃As　a　conclusion；　since　the　great　mass　of　inks
  on　the　market　are　not　suitable　for　records；　because
  of　their　lack　of　body　and　because　of　the　quantity
  of　unstable　color　which　they　contain；　and　because
  the　few　whose　coloring　matters　are　not　objectionable
  are　deficient　in　galls　and　iron；　or　both；　we
  would　strongly　recommend　that　the　State　set　its
  own　standard　for　the　composition　of　inks　to　be
  used　in　its　offices　and　for　its　records；　have　the
  inks　manufactured　according　to　specifications　sent
  out；　and　receive　the　manufactured　products　subject
  to　chemical　assay。　In　this　way　only　can　there
  be　a　uniformity　in　the　inks　used　for　the　records
  throughout　the　State；　and　in　no　other　way　can　a
  proper　standard　be　maintained。〃
  Mr。　Swan　comments　on　the　report　of　his　chemists；
  and　calls　attention　to　other　tests　made　by　himself：
  〃The　conclusions　at　which　I　arrived　were　drawn；
  as　stated；　from　manufacturers　or　recording　officers；
  wholly　independently　of　the　chemists；　but　they　will
  be　found　to　coincide　in　many　particulars　with　theirs。
  I　did　consult　them　in　regard　to　the　practicability　of
  maintaining　a　State　standard　for　record　ink；　which
  they　have　approved。
  〃The　commendation　by　the　chemists