of　the　first　discoverers　of　the　cuneiform　inscriptions。
  It　was　thus　introduced　to　the　notice　of　Europe。　It　is
  claimed　by　the　Samaritans　of　Nablus　that　their　copy
  was　written　by　Abisha；　the　great…grandson　of　Aaron；
  in　the　thirteenth　year　of　the　settlement　of　the　land　of
  Canaan　by　the　children　of　Israel。　The　copies　of　it
  brought　to　Europe　are　all　written　in　black　ink　on　vellum
  or　〃cotton〃　paper；　and　vary　from　12mo　to
  folio。　The　scroll　used　by　the　Samaritans　is　written　in
  gold　letters。　（See　Smith's　〃Dictionary　of　the　Bible；〃
  vol。　III；　pp。　1106…1118。）　Its　claims　to　great　antiquity
  are　not　admitted　by　scholars。
  The　enumeration　of　some　of　the　modes　of　writing
  may　be　interesting：
  The　Mexican　writing　is　in　vertical　columns；　beginning
  at　the　bottom。
  The　Chinese　and　Japanese　write　in　vertical　columns；
  beginning　at　the　top　and　passing　from　left　to　right。
  The　Egyptian　hieroglyphics　are　written　invertical
  columns　or　horizontal　lines　according　to　the　shape　and
  position　of　the　tablet。　It　is　said　that　with　the　horizontal
  writing　the　direction　is　indifferent；　but　that　the
  figures　of　men　and　animals　face　the　beginning　of　the
  line。　With　figures；　the　units　stand　on　the　left。
  The　Egyptians　also　wrote　from　right　to　left　in　the
  hieratic　and　demotic　and　enchorial　styles。　The　Palasgians
  did　the　same；　and　were　followed　by　the　Etruscans。
  In　the　demotic　character；　Dr。　Brugsch　remarks
  that　though　the　general　direction　of　the　writing　was
  usually　from　right　to　left；　yet　the　individual　letters　were
  formed　from　left　to　right；　as　is　evident　from　the　unfinished
  ends　of　horizontal　letters　when　the　ink　failed
  in　the　pen。
  In　writing　numbers　in　the　hieratic　and　enchorial
  the　units　were　placed　to　the　left。　The　Arabs　write
  from　right　to　left；　but　received　their　numerals　from
  India；　whence　they　call　them　〃Hindee；〃　and　there　the
  arrangement　of　their　numerals　is　like　our　own；　units
  to　the　right。
  The　following　noteworthy　passage　is　taken　from
  Humphreys'　work　〃On　the　Origin　and　Progress　of　the
  Art　of　Writing：〃
  〃Nearly　all　the　principal　methods　of　ancient
  writing　may　be　divided　into　square　capitals；　rounded
  capitals；　and　cursive　letters；　the　square　capitals
  being　termed　simply　capitals；　the　rounded　capitals
  uncials；　and　the　small　letters；　or　such　as　had
  changed　their　form　during　the　creation　of　a　running
  hand；　minuscule。　Capitals　are；　strictly　speaking；
  such　letters　as　retain　the　earliest　settled　form　of
  an　alphabet；　being　generally　of　such　angular
  shapes　as　could　conveniently　be　carved　on　wood　or
  stone；　or　engraved　in　metal；　to　be　stamped　on
  coins。　The　earliest　Latin　MSS。　known　are　written
  entirely　in　capitals　like　inscriptions　in　metal　or
  marble。
  *　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*
  The　uncial　letters；　as　they　are　termed；　appear
  to　have　arisen　as　writing　on　papyrus　or　vellum　became
  common；　when　many　of　the　straight　lines　of
  the　capitals；　in　that　kind　of　writing；　gradually　acquired
  a　curved　form；　to　facilitate　their　more　rapid
  execution。　However　this　may　be；　from　the　sixth
  to　the　eighth；　or　even　10th　century；　these　uncials
  or　partly　rounded　capitals　prevail。
  〃The　modern　minuscule；　differing　from　the　ancient
  cursive　character；　appears　to　have　arisen　in
  the　following　manner：　During　the　6th　and　7th
  centuries；　a　kind　of　transition　style　prevailed　in
  Italy　and　some　other　parts　of　Europe；　the　letters
  composing　which　have　been　termed　semi…uncials；
  which；　in　a　further　transition；　became　more　like
  those　of　the　old　Roman　cursive。　This　manner；
  when　definitely　formed；　became　what　is　now　termed
  the　minuscule　manner；　it　began　to　prevail　over
  uncials　in　a　certain　class　of　MSS。　about　the　8th
  century；　and　towards　the　10th　its　general　use　was；
  with　few　exceptions；　established。　It　is　said　to
  have　been　occasionally　used　as　early　as　the　5th
  century；　but　I　am　unable　to　cite　an　authentic　existing
  monument。　The　Psalter　of　Alfred　the　Great；
  written　in　the　9th　century；　is　in　a　small　Roman
  cursive　hand；　which　has　induced　Casley　to　consider
  it　the　work　of　some　Italian　ecclesiastic。〃
  The　learned　who　have　made　a　life　study　of　the　history
  of　the　most　ancient　manuscripts；　mention　them
  specifically　in　great　number　and　of　different　countries；
  which　would　seem　to　indicate　that　the　art　of　handwriting
  had　made　great　strides　in　the　very　olden
  times；　many　nations　had　adopted　it；　and　B。　C。　650　〃it
  had　spread　itself　over　the　（then　known）　greater　part
  of　the　civilized　world。〃
  We　can　well　believe　this　to　be　true　in　reading　about
  the　ancient　libraries；　notwithstanding　that　some　rulers
  had　sought　to　prohibit　its　exercise。
  Plato；　who　lived　B。　C。　350；　expresses　his　views　of
  the　importance　of　writing　in　his　imaginary　colloquy
  between　Thamus；　king　of　Egypt；　and　Thoth；　the　god
  of　the　liberal　arts　of　the　Egyptians；　he　acquaints　us：
  〃That　the　discourse　turned　upon　letters。　Thoth
  maintained　the　value　of　Writing；　as　capable　of　making
  the　People　wiser；　increasing　the　powers　of
  Memory；　to　this　the　king　dissented；　and　expressed
  his　opinion　that　by　the　exercise　of　this　Art　the　multitude
  would　appear　to　be　knowing　of　those　things
  of　which　they　were　really　ignorant；　possessing　only
  an　idea　of　Wisdom；　instead　of　Wisdom　itself。〃
  Pythagoras；　B。　C。　532；　we　are　informed　by　Astle：
  〃Went　into　Egypt　where　he　resided　twenty…two
  years；　he　was　initiated　into　the　sacerdotal　order；
  and；　from　his　spirit　of　inquiry；　he　has　been　justly
  said　to　have　acquired　a　great　deal　of　Egyptian
  learning；　which　he　afterwards　introduced　into　Italy。
  The　Pythagorean　schools　which　he　established　in
  Italy　when　writing　was　taught；　were　destroyed
  when　the　Platonic　or　new　philosophy　prevailed　over
  the　former。　Polybius　（lib。　ii。　p。　175）　and　Jamblichus
  （in　vita　Pythag。）　mention　many　circumstances；
  relative　to　these　facts；　quoted　from　authors　now
  lost；　as　doth　Porphyry；　in　his　life　of　Pythagoras。〃
  For　the　hundred　years　or　more　following；　however；
  the　dissemination　of　learning　and　the　transcription　of
  events　was　not　to　be　denied。　We　find　ink…written
  volumes　（rolls）　relating　to　diverse　subjects　being　loaned
  to　one　another；　correspondence　by　letter　to　and　from
  distant　lands　of　frequent　occurrence；　and　the　art　of
  handwriting　regularly　taught　in　the　schools　of　learning。
  Its　progress　was　to　be　interrupted　by　the　wars
  of　the　Persians。　Mr。　Astle　in　calling　attention　to
  events　which　have　contributed　to　deprive　us　of　the
  literary　treasures　of　antiquity　thus　refers　to　them：
  〃A　very　fatal　blow　was　given　to　literature；　by
  the　destruction　of　the　Phoenician　temples；　and　of
  the　Egyptian　colleges；　when　those　kingdoms；　and
  the　countries　adjacent；　were　conquered　by　the　Persians；
  about　three　hundred　and　fifty　years　before
  Christ。　Ochus；　the　Persian　general；　ravaged　these
  countries　without　mercy；　and　forty　thousand　Sidonians
  burnt　themselves　with　their　families　and　riches
  in　their　own　houses。　The　conqueror　then　drove
  Nectanebus　out　of　Egypt；　and　committed　the　like
  ravages　in　that　country；　afterwards　he　marched
  into　Judea；　where　he　took　Jericho；　and　sent　a　great
  number　of　Jews　into　captivity。　The　Persians　had
  a　great　dislike　to　the　religion　of　the　Phoenicians　and
  the　Egyptians；　this　was　one　reason　for　destroying
  their　books；　of　which　Eusebius　（De　Preparat。
  Evang。）　says；　they　had　a　great　number。〃
  These　losses；　apparently；　did　not　interfere　with　the
  progress　of　the　art　in　more　western　countries。　Professor
  Rollin　in　his　〃Ancient　History；〃　1823；　remarks：
  〃Ptolemy　Soter；　King　of　Egypt　B。　C。　285；　had
  been　careful　to　improve　himself　in　public　literature；
  as　was　evident　by　his　compiling　the　life　of
  Alexander；　which　was　greatly　esteemed　by　the　ancients；
  but　is　now　entirely　lost。　In　order　to　encourage
  the　cultivation　of　the　sciences；　which　he
  much　admired；　he　founded　an　academy　at　Alexandria；
  called　the　Museum；　where　a　society　of　learned
  men　devoted　themselves　to　philosophic　studies；　and
  the　improvement　of　all　other　sciences；　almost　in　the
  same　manner　as　those　of　London　and　Paris。　For
  this　purpose；　he　began　by　giving　them　a　library；
  which　was　prodigiously　increased　by　his　successors。
  〃His　son　Philadelphus　left　a　hundred　thousand
  volumes　in　it　at　the　time　of　his　death；　and　the　succeeding
  princes　of　that　race　enlarged　it　still　more；　till　at
  last　it　consisted　of　seven　hundred　thousand　volumes。
  〃This　library　was　formed　by　the　following
  method：　All　the　Greek　and　other　books　that　were
  brought　into　Egypt　were　seized；　and　sent　to　the
  Museum；　where　they　were　transcribed　by　persons
  employed　for　that　purpose。　The　copies　were　then
  delivered　to　the　proprietors；　and　the　originals　were
  deposited　in　the　library。
  〃As　the　Museum　was　at　first　in　that　quarter　of
  the　city　which　was　called　Bruchion；　and　near　the
  royal　palace；　the　library　was　founded　in　the　same
  place；　and　it　soon　drew　vast　numbers　thither；　but
  when　it　was　so