that　she　can　barely　move；　and　only　with　difficulty。　　The　little　boy；
  all　bent　over；　and　stepping　gently；　with　his　tiny　bare　feet；　drags
  along　a　jug　of　water；　shifting　it　from　hand　to　hand；　for　it　is
  heavier　than　he。　　The　young　girl　flings　over　her　shoulder　a　load　of
  hay　which　is　also　heavier　than　herself；　advances　a　few　steps；　halts；
  and　drops　it；　without　the　strength　to　carry　it。　　The　old　woman　of
  fifty　rakes　away　without　stopping；　and　with　her　kerchief　awry　she
  drags　the　hay；　breathing　heavily　and　tottering。　　The　old　woman　of
  eighty　only　rakes　the　hay；　but　even　this　is　beyond　her　strength；　she
  slowly　drags　along　her　feet；　shod　with　bast　shoes；　and；　frowning；　she
  gazes　gloomily　before　her；　like　a　seriously　ill　or　dying　person。　　The
  old　man　has　intentionally　sent　her　farther　away　than　the　rest；　to
  rake　near　the　cocks　of　hay；　so　that　she　may　not　keep　in　line　with　the
  others；　but　she　does　not　fall　in　with　this　arrangement；　and　she　toils
  on　as　long　as　the　others　do；　with　the　same　death…like；　gloomy
  countenance。　　The　sun　is　already　setting　behind　the　forest；　but　the
  cocks　are　not　yet　all　heaped　together；　and　much　still　remains　to　do。
  All　feel　that　it　is　time　to　stop；　but　no　one　speaks；　waiting　until
  the　others　shall　say　it。　　Finally　the　shoemaker；　conscious　that　his
  strength　is　exhausted；　proposes　to　the　old　man；　to　leave　the　cocks
  until　the　morrow；　and　the　old　man　consents；　and　the　women　instantly
  run　for　the　garments；　jugs；　pitchforks；　and　the　old　woman　immediately
  sits　down　just　where　she　has　been　standings　and　then　lies　back　with
  the　same　death…like　look；　staring　straight　in　front　of　her。　　But　the
  women　are　going；　and　she　rises　with　a　groan；　and　drags　herself　after
  them。　　And　this　will　go　on　in　July　also；　when　the　peasants；　without
  obtaining　sufficient　sleep；　reap　the　oats　by　night；　lest　it　should
  fall；　and　the　women　rise　gloomily　to　thresh　out　the　straw　for　the
  bands　to　tie　the　sheaves；　when　this　old　woman；　already　utterly
  cramped　by　the　labor　of　mowing；　and　the　woman　with　child；　and　the
  young　children；　injure　themselves　overworking　and　over…drinking；　and
  when　neither　hands；　nor　horses；　nor　carts　will　suffice　to　bring　to
  the　ricks　that　grain　with　which　all　men　are　nourished；　and　millions
  of　poods　｛33｝　of　which　are　daily　required　in　Russia　to　keep　people
  from　perishing。
  And　we　live　as　though　there　were　no　connection　between　the　dying
  laundress；　the　prostitute　of　fourteen　years；　the　toilsome　manufacture
  of　cigarettes　by　women；　the　strained；　intolerable；　insufficiently　fed
  toil　of　old　women　and　children　around　us；　we　live　as　though　there
  were　no　connection　between　this　and　our　own　lives。
  It　seems　to　us；　that　suffering　stands　apart　by　itself；　and　our　life
  apart　by　itself。　　We　read　the　description　of　the　life　of　the　Romans；
  and　we　marvel　at　the　inhumanity　of　those　soulless　Luculli；　who
  satiated　themselves　on　viands　and　wines　while　the　populace　were　dying
  with　hunger。　　We　shake　our　heads；　and　we　marvel　at　the　savagery　of
  our　grandfathers；　who　were　serf…owners；　supporters　of　household
  orchestras　and　theatres；　and　of　whole　villages　devoted　to　the　care　of
  their　gardens；　and　we　wonder；　from　the　heights　of　our　grandeur；　at
  their　inhumanity。　　We　read　the　words　of　Isa。　v。　8：　　〃Woe　unto　them
  that　join　house　to　house；　that　lay　field　to　field；　till　there　be　no
  place；　that　they　may　be　placed　alone　in　the　midst　of　the　earth！
  （11。）　Woe　unto　them　that　rise　up　early　in　the　morning；　that　they　may
  follow　strong　drink；　that　continue　until　night；　till　wine　inflame
  them！　　（12。）　And　the　harp　and　the　viol；　and　tabret　and　pipe；　and　wine
  are　in　their　feasts；　but　they　regard　not　the　work　of　the　Lord；
  neither　consider　the　operation　of　his　hands。　　（18。）　Woe　unto　them
  that　draw　iniquity　with　cords　of　vanity；　and　sin　as　it　were　with　a
  cart…rope。　　（20。）　Woe　unto　then　that　call　evil　good；　and　good　evil；
  that　put　darkness　for　light；　and　light　for　darkness；　that　put　bitter
  for　sweet；　and　sweet　for　bitter！　（21。）　Woe　unto　them　that　are　wise　in
  their　own　eyes；　and　prudent　in　their　own　sight（22。）　Woe　unto　them
  that　are　mighty　to　drink　wine；　and　men　of　strength　to　mingle　strong
  drink。〃
  We　read　these　words；　and　it　seems　to　us　that　this　has　no　reference　to
  us。　　We　read　in　the　Gospels　（Matt。　iii。　10）：　　〃And　now　also　the　axe
  is　laid　unto　the　root　of　the　trees：　　therefore　every　tree　which
  bringeth　not　forth　good　fruit　is　hewn　down　and　cast　into　the　fire。〃
  And　we　are　fully　convinced　that　the　good　tree　which　bringeth　forth
  good　fruit　is　ourselves；　and　that　these　words　are　not　spoken　to　us；
  but　to　some　other　and　wicked　people。
  We　read　the　words　of　Isa。　vi。　10：　　〃Make　the　heart　of　this　people
  fat；　and　make　their　ears　heavy；　and　shut　their　eyes；　lest　they　see
  with　their　eyes；　and　hear　with　their　ears；　and　understand　with　their
  heart；　and　convert　and　be　healed。　　（11。）　Then　said　I：　　Lord；　how
  long？　　And　he　answered；　Until　the　cities　be　wasted　without
  inhabitant；　and　the　houses　without　man；　and　the　land　be　utterly
  desolate。〃
  We　read；　and　are　fully　convinced　that　this　marvellous　deed　is　not
  performed　on　us；　but　on　some　other　people。　　And　because　we　see
  nothing　it　is；　that　this　marvellous　deed　is　performed；　and　has　been
  performed；　on　us。　　We　hear　not；　we　see　not；　and　we　understand　not
  with　our　heart。　　How　has　this　happened？
  Whether　that　God；　or　that　natural　law　by　virtue　of　which　men　exist　in
  the　world；　has　acted　well　or　ill；　yet　the　position　of　men　in　the
  world；　ever　since　we　have　known　it；　has　been　such；　that　naked　people；
  without　any　hair　on　their　bodies；　without　lairs　in　which　they　could
  shelter　themselves；　without　food　which　they　could　find　in　the
  fields；like　Robinson　｛34｝　on　his　island；have　all　been　reduced　to
  the　necessity　of　constantly　and　unweariedly　contending　with　nature　in
  order　to　cover　their　bodies；　to　make　themselves　clothing；　to
  construct　a　roof　over　their　heads；　and　to　earn　their　bread；　that　two
  or　three　times　a　day　they　may　satisfy　their　hunger　and　the　hunger　of
  their　helpless　children　and　of　their　old　people　who　cannot　work。
  Wherever；　at　whatever　time；　in　whatever　numbers　we　may　have　observed
  people；　whether　in　Europe；　in　America；　in　China；　or　in　Russia；
  whether　we　regard　all　humanity；　or　any　small　portion　of　it；　in
  ancient　times；　in　a　nomad　state；　or　in　our　own　times；　with　steam…
  engines　and　sewing…machines；　perfected　agriculture；　and　electric
  lighting；　we　behold　always　one　and　the　same　thing；that　man；　toiling
  intensely　and　incessantly；　is　not　able　to　earn　for　himself　and　his
  little　ones　and　his　old　people　clothing；　shelter；　and　food；　and　that
  a　considerable　portion　of　mankind；　as　in　former　times；　so　at　the
  present　day；　perish　through　insufficiency　of　the　necessaries　of　life；
  and　intolerable　toil　in　the　effort　to　obtain　them。
  Wherever　we　have；　if　we　draw　a　circle　round　us　of　a　hundred　thousand；
  a　thousand；　or　ten　versts；　or　of　one　verst；　and　examine　into　the
  lives　of　the　people　comprehended　within　the　limits　of　our　circle；　we
  shall　see　within　that　circle　prematurely…born　children；　old　men；　old
  women；　women　in　labor；　sick　and　weak　persons；　who　toil　beyond　their
  strength；　and　who　have　not　sufficient　food　and　rest　for　life；　and　who
  therefore　die　before　their　time。　　We　shall　see　people　in　the　flower
  of　their　age　actually　slain　by　dangerous　and　injurious　work。
  We　see　that　people　have　been　struggling；　ever　since　the　world　has
  endured；　with　fearful　effort；　privation；　and　suffering；　against　this
  universal　want；　and　that　they　cannot　overcome　it　。　。　。　｛35｝
  Footnotes：
  ｛1｝　　The　fine；　tall　members　of　a　regiment；　selected　and　placed
  together　to　form　a　showy　squad。
  ｛2｝　　＇＇　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition　printed　in
  Russia；　in　the　set　of　Count　Tolstoi's　works。
  ｛3｝　　Reaumur。
  ｛4｝　　A　drink　made　of　water；　honey；　and　laurel　or　salvia　leaves；　which
  is　drunk　as　tea；　especially　by　the　poorer　classes。
  ｛5｝　　＇＇　Omitted　by　the　censor　from　the　authorized　edition　published
  in　Russia　in　the　set　of　count　Tolstoi's　works。　　The　omission　is
  indicated　thus　。　。　。
  ｛6｝　　Kalatch；　a　kind　of　roll：　　baranki；　cracknels　of　fine　flour。
  ｛7｝　　An　arshin　is　twenty…eight　inches。
  ｛8｝　　A　myeshchanin；　or　citizen；　who　pays　only　poll…tax　and　not　a
  guild　tax。
  ｛9｝　　Omitted　in　authorized　edition。
  ｛10｝　　Omitted　by　the　censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛11｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛12｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛13｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛14｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　from　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛15｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛16｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition
  ｛17｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛18｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛19｝　　A　very　complicated　sort　of　whist。
  ｛20｝　　The　whole　of　this　chapter　is　omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the
  authorized　edition；　and　is　there　represented　by　the　following
  sentence：　　〃And　I　felt　that　in　money；　in　money　itself；　in　the
  possession　of　it；　there　was　something　immoral；　and　I　asked　myself；
  What　is　money？〃
  ｛21｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。
  ｛22｝　　Omitted　by　the　Censor　in　the　authorized　edition。