when　moved　a　certain　way　will　move　a　plane　a
  definite　direction。　He　should　learn　to　know
  instinctively；　how　FAR　a　movement　to　make　to　get
  a　certain　result　in　the　plane　itself；　and　under　running
  conditions；　as　well。
  Suppose　we　have　an　automobile；　running　at　the
  rate　of　ten　miles　an　hour；　and　the　chauffeur　turns
  the　steering　wheel　ten　degrees。　He　can　do　so　with
  perfect　safety；　but　let　the　machine　be　going　forty
  miles　an　hour；　and　turn　the　wheel　ten　degrees；
  and　it　may　mean　an　accident。　In　one　case　the
  machine　is　moving　14　1/2　feet　a　second；　and　in　the
  other　instance　58　feet。
  If　the　airship　has　a　lever　for　controlling　the
  angle　of　flight；　he　must　study　its　arrangement；
  and　note　how　far　it　must　be　moved　to　assume
  the　proper　elevating　angle。　Then　come　the　means
  for　controlling　the　lateral　stability　of　the　machine。
  All　these　features　should　be　considered　and　studied
  over　and　over；　until　you　have　made　them　your
  friends。
  While　thus　engaged；　you　are　perfectly　sure　that
  you　can　remember　and　act　on　a　set　of　complicated
  movements。　You　imagine　that　you　are　skimming
  over　the　ground；　and　your　sense　tells　you　that　you
  have　sufficient　speed　to　effect　a　launching。　In
  your　mind　the　critical　time　has　come。
  ELEVATING　THE　MACHINE。Simply　give　the　elevator
  lever　the　proper　angle；　sharp　and　quick　and
  up　you　go。　As　the　machine　responds；　and　you　can
  feel　the　cushioning　motion；　which　follows；　as　it　begins
  to　ride　the　air；　you　are　aware　of　a　sensation
  as　though　the　machine　were　about　to　turn　over
  to　one　side；　you　think　of　the　lateral　control　at
  once；　but　in　doing　so　forget　that　the　elevator　must
  be　changed；　or　you　will　go　too　high。
  You　forget　about　the　earth；　you　are　too　busy
  thinking　about　several　things　which　seem　to　need
  your　attention。　Yes；　there　are　a　variety　of　matters
  which　will　crowd　upon　you；　each　of　which　require
  two　things；　the　first　being　to　get　the　proper
  lever；　and　the　second；　to　move　it　just　so　far。
  In　the　early　days　of　aeroplaning；　when　accidents
  came　thick　and　fast；　the　most　usual　explanation
  which　came　from　the　pilot；　when　he　recovered；
  was：　〃I　pushed　the　lever　too　far。〃
  Hundreds　of　trial　machines　were　built；　when
  man　learned　that　he　could　fly；　and　in　every　instance；
  it　is　safe　to　say；　the　experimenter　made　the
  most　strenuous　exertion　to　get　up　in　the　air　the
  first　time　the　machine　was　put　on　the　trial　ground。
  It　is　a　wonder　that　accidents　were　not　recorded
  by　the　hundreds；　instead　of　by　the　comparatively
  few　that　were　heard　from。　It　was　very　discouraging；
  no　doubt；　that　the　machines　would　not　fly；
  but　that　all　of　them；　if　they　had　sufficient　power；
  would　fly；　there　can　be　no　doubt。
  HOW　TO　PRACTICE。Absolute　familiarity　with
  every　part　of　the　machine　and　conditions　is　the
  first　thing。　The　machine　is　brought　out；　and　the
  engine　tested；　the　machine　being　held　in　leash
  while　this　is　done。　It　is　then　throttled　down　so
  that　the　power　of　the　engine　will　be　less　than　is
  necessary　to　raise　the　machine　from　the　ground。
  THE　FIRST　STAGE。Usually　it　will　require　over
  25　miles　an　hour　to　raise　the　machine。　The　engine
  is　set　in　motion；　and　now；　for　the　first　time　a　new
  sensation　takes　possession　of　you；　for　the　reason
  that　you　are　cut　off　from　communication　with
  those　around　you　as　absolutely　as　though　they
  were　a　hundred　miles　away。
  This　new　dependence　on　yourself　is；　in　itself；
  one　of　the　best　teachers　you　could　have；　because
  it　begins　to　instill　confidence　and　control。　As　the
  machine　darts　forward；　going　ten　or　fifteen　miles
  an　hour；　with　the　din　of　the　engine　behind　you；
  and　feeling　the　rumbling　motion　of　the　wheels
  over　the　uneven　surface　of　the　earth；　you　have　the
  sensation　of　going　forty　miles　an　hour。
  The　newness　of　the　first　sensation；　which　is
  always　under　those　conditions　very　much　augmented
  in　the　mind；　wears　away　as　the　machine
  goes　back　and　forth。　There　is　only　one　control
  that　requires　your　care；　namely；　to　keep　it　on　a
  straight　course。　This　is　easy　work；　but　you　are
  learning　to　make　your　control　a　reflex　action；to
  do　it　without　exercising　a　distinct　will　power。
  PATIENCE　THE　MOST　DIFFICULT　THING。If　you
  have　the　patience；　as　you　should；　to　continue　this
  running　practice；　until　you　absolutely　eliminate
  the　right　and　left　control；　as　a　matter　of　thought；
  occasionally；　if　the　air　is　still　turning　the　machine；
  and　eventually；　bringing　it　back；　by　turning
  it　completely　around；　while　skimming　the　ground；
  you　will　be　ready　for　the　second　stage　in　the
  trials。
  THE　SECOND　STAGE。The　engine　is　now　arranged
  so　that　it　will　barely　lift；　when　running
  at　its　best。　After　the　engine　is　at　full　speed；　and
  you　are　sure　the　machine　is　going　fast　enough；
  the　elevator　control　is　turned　to　point　the　machine
  in　the　air。　It　is　a　tense　moment。　You　are　on　the
  alert。
  The　elevator　is　turned；　and　the　forward　end
  changes　its　relation　with　the　ground　before　you。
  There　was　a　slight　lift；　but　your　caution　induces
  you　to　return　the　planes　to　their　normal　running
  angle。　You　try　it　again。　You　are　now　certain
  that　the　machine　made　a　leap　and　left　the　ground。
  This　is　the　exhilarating　moment。
  With　a　calm　air　the　machine　is　turned　while
  running；　by　means　of　the　vertical　rudders。　This
  is　an　easy　matter；　because　while　going　at　twenty
  miles　an　hour；　the　weight　of　the　machine　on　the
  surface　of　the　ground　is　less　than　one…tenth　of　its
  weight　when　at　rest。
  Thus　the　trial　spins；　half　the　time　in　the　air；
  in　little　glides　of　fifty　to　a　hundred　feet；　increasing
  in　length；　give　practice；　practice；　PRACTICE；
  each　turn　of　the　field　making　the　sport　less　exciting
  and　fixing　the　controls　more　perfectly　in　the
  mind。
  THE　THIRD　STAGE。Thus　far　you　have　been
  turning　on　the　ground。　You　want　to　turn　in　the
  air。　Only　the　tail　control　was　required　while　on
  the　ground。　Now　two　things　are　required　after
  you　leave　the　ground　in　trying　to　make　a　turn：
  namely；　putting　the　tail　at　the　proper　angle；　and
  taking　charge　of　the　stabilizers；　because　in　making
  the　turn　in　the　air；　the　first　thing　which　will
  arrest　the　attention　will　be　the　tendency　of　the
  machine　to　turn　over　in　the　direction　that　you　are
  turning。
  After　going　back　and　forth　in　straight…away
  glides；　until　you　have　perfect　confidence　and　full
  control；　comes　the　period　when　the　turns　should
  be　practiced　on。　These　should　be　long；　and　tried
  only　on　that　portion　of　the　field　where　you　have
  plenty　of　room。
  OBSERVATIONS　WHILE　IN　FLIGHT。If　there　are
  any　bad　spots；　or　trees；　or　dangerous　places；　they
  should　be　spotted　out；　and　mentally　noted　before
  attempting　to　make　any　flight。　When　in　the　air
  during　these　trials　you　will　have　enough　to　occupy
  your　mind　without　looking　out　for　the　hazardous
  regions　at　the　same　time。
  Make　the　first　turns　in　a　still　air。　If　you　should
  attempt　to　make　the　first　attempts　with　a　wind
  blowing　you　will　find　a　compound　motion　that　will
  very　likely　give　you　a　surprise。　In　making　the
  first　turn　you　will　get　the　sensation　of　trying　to
  fly　against　a　wind。　Assuming　that　you　are　turning
  to　the　left；　it　will　have　the　sensation　of　a　wind
  coming　to　you　from　the　right。
  FLYING　IN　A　WIND。Suppose　you　are　flying　directly
  in　the　face　of　a　wind；　the　moment　you　begin
  to　turn　the　action；　or　bite　of　the　wind；　will　cause
  the　ends　of　the　planes　to　the　right　to　be　unduly
  elevated；　much　more　so　than　if　the　air　should　be
  calm。　This　raising　action　will　be　liable　to　startle
  you；　because　up　to　this　time　you　have　been　accustomed
  to　flying　along　in　a　straight　line。
  While　flying　around　at　the　part　of　the　circle
  where　the　wind　strikes　you　directly　on　the　right
  side　the　machine　has　a　tendency　to　climb；　and　you
  try　to　depress　the　forward　end；　but　as　soon　as　you
  reach　that　part　of　the　circle　where　the　winds　begin
  to　strike　on　your　back；　an　entirely　new　thing
  occurs。
  As　the　machine　is　now　traveling　with　the　wind；
  its　grip　on　the　air　is　less；　and　since　the　planes　were
  set　to　lower　the　machine；　at　the　first　part　of　the
  turn；　the　descent　will　be　pretty　rapid　unless　the
  angle　is　corrected。
  FIRST　TRIALS　IN　QUIET　ATMOSPHERE。All　this
  would　be　avoided　if　the　first　trials　were　made　in
  a　quiet　atmosphere。　Furthermore；　you　will　be
  told　that　in　making　a　turn　the　machine　should　be
  pointed　downwardly；　as　though　about　to　make　a
  glide。　This　can　be　done　with　safety；　in　a　still
  air；　although　you　may　be　flying　low；　but　it　would
  be　exceedingly　dangerous　with　a　wind　blowing。
  MAKING　TURNS。When　making　a　turn；　under　no
  circumstances　try　to　make　a　landing。　This
  should　never　be　done　except　when　flying　straight；
  and　then　safety　demands　that　the　landing　should
  be　made　against　the　wind　and　not　with　it。　There
  are　two　reasons　for　this：　First；　when　flying　with
  the　wind　the　speed　must　be　greater　than　when　flying
  against　it。
  By　greater　speed　is