to　ward　off　any　dangers　to　which　we　might　be　exposed。　In　season　and　out　of　season　he　preached；　with　the　ardor　of　a　propagandist；　his　gospel　that　the　Navy　is　the　surest　guarantor　of　peace　which　this　country　possesses。　By　dint　of　urging　he　persuaded　Congress　to　consent　to　lay　down　one　battleship　of　the　newest　type　a　year。　Congress　was　not　so　much　reluctant　as　indifferent。　Even　the　lesson　of　the　Spanish　War　failed　to　teach　the　Nation's　law…makers；　or　the　Nation　itself；　that　we　must　have　a　Navy　to　protect　us　if　we　intended　to　play　the　role　of　a　World　Power。　The　American　people　instinctively　dreaded　militarism；　and　so　they　resisted　consenting　to　naval　or　military　preparations　which　might　expand　into　a　great　evil　such　as　they　saw　controlling　the　nations　of　Europe。
  Nevertheless　Roosevelt；　as　usual；　could　not　be　deterred　by　opposition；　and　when　the　Hague　Conference　in　1907；　through　the　veto　of　Germany；　refused　to　limit　armaments　by　sea　and　land；　he　warned　Congress　that　one　new　battleship　a　year　would　not　do；　that　they　must　build　four。　Meanwhile；　he　had　pushed　to　completion　a　really　formidable　American　Fleet；　which　assembled　in　Hampton　Roads　on　December　1；　1907；　and　ten　days　later　weighed　anchor　for　parts　unknown。　There　were　sixteen　battleships；　commanded　by　Rear　Admiral　Robley　D。　Evans。　Every　ship　was　new；　having　been　built　since　the　Spanish　War。　The　President　and　Mrs。　Roosevelt　and　many　notables　reviewed　the　Fleet　from　the　President's　yacht　Mayflower；　as　it　passed　out　to　sea。　Later；　the　country　learned　that　the　Fleet　was　to　sail　round　Cape　Horn；　to　New　Zealand　and　Australia；　up　the　Pacific　to　San　Francisco；　then　across　to　Japan；　and　so　steer　homeward　through　the　Indian　Ocean；　the　Suez　Canal；　and　the　Mediterranean　to　Gibraltar；　across　the　Atlantic；　and　back　to　Hampton　Roads。
  The　American　public　did　not　quite　know　what　to　make　of　this　dramatic　gesture。　Roosevelt's　critics　said；　of　course；　that　it　was　the　first　overt　display　of　his　combativeness；　and　that　from　this　he　would　go　on　to　create　a　great　army　and　be　ready；　at　the　slightest　provocation；　to　attack　any　foreign　Power。　In　fact；　however；　the　sending　of　the　Great　Fleet；　which　was　wholly　his　project；　was　designed　by　him　to　strengthen　the　prospect　of　peace　for　the　United　States。　Through　it；　he　gave　a　concrete　illustration　of　his　maxim：　〃Speak　softly；　but　carry　a　big　stick。〃　The　Panama　Canal　was　then　half　dug　and　would　be　finished　in　a　few　years。　Distant　nations　thought　of　this　country　as　of　a　land　peopled　by　dollar…chasers；　too　absorbed　in　getting　rich　to　think　of　providing　defense　for　themselves。　The　fame　of　Dewey's　exploit　at　Manila　Bay　had　ceased　to　strike　wonder　among　foreign　peoples；　after　they　heard　how　small　and　almost　contemptible；　judging　by　the　new　standards；　the　Squadron　was　by　which　he　won　his　victory。　Japan；　the　rising　young　giant　of　the　Orient；　felt　already　strong　enough　to　resent　any　supposed　insult　from　the　United　States。　Germany　had　embarked　on　her　wild　naval　policy　of　creating　a　fleet　which　would　soon　be　able　to　cope　with　that　of　England。
  When；　however；　the　Great　Fleet　steamed　into　Yokohama　or　Bombay　or　any　other　port；　it　furnished　a　visible　evidence　of　the　power　of　the　country　from　which　it　came。　We　could　not　send　an　army　to　furnish　the　same　object…lesson。　But　the　Fleet　must　have　opened　the　eyes　of　any　foreign　jingoes　who　supposed　that　they　might　send　over　with　impunity　their　battleships　and　attack　our　ports。　In　this　way　it　served　directly　to　discourage　war　against　us；　and　accordingly　it　was　a　powerful　agent　for　peace。　Spectacular　the　voyage　was　without　question；　like　so　many　of　Roosevelt's　acts；　but　if　you　analyze　it　soberly；　do　you　not　admit　that　it　was　the　one　obvious；　simple　way　by　which　to　impress　upon　an　uncertain　and　rapacious　world　the　fact　that　the　United　States　had　manpower　as　well　as　money…power；　and　that　they　were　prepared　to　repel　all　enemies？
  On　February　22；　1909；　the　White　Fleet　steamed　back　to　Hampton　Roads　and　was　received　by　President　Roosevelt。　It　had　performed　a　great　moral　achievement。　It　had　also　raised　the　efficiency　of　its　officers　and　the　discipline　of　its　crews　to　the　highest　point。　There　had　been　no　accident；　not　a　scratch　on　any　ship。
  〃Isn't　it　magnificent？〃　said　Roosevelt；　as　he　toasted　the　Admirals　and　Captains　in　the　cabin　of　the　Mayflower。　〃Nobody　after　this　will　forget　that　the　American　coast　is　on　the　Pacific　as　well　as　on　the　Atlantic。〃　Ten　days　later　he　left　the　White　House；　and　after　he　left；　the　prestige　of　the　American　Fleet　was　slowly　frittered　away。
  So　important　is　it；　if　we　would　form　a　just　estimate　of　Roosevelt；　to　understand　his　attitude　towards　war；　that　I　must　refer　to　the　subject　briefly　here。　One　of　the　most　authoritative　observers　of　international　politics　now　living；　a　man　who　has　also　had　the　best　opportunity　for　studying　the　chief　statesmen　of　our　age；　wrote　me　after　Roosevelt's　death：　〃I　deeply　grieve　with　you　in　the　loss　of　our　friend。　He　was　an　extraordinary　man。　The　only　point　in　which　I　ever　found　myself　seriously　differing　from　him　was　in　the　value　he　set　upon　war。　He　did　not　seem　to　realize　how　great　an　evil　it　is；　and　in　how　many　ways；　fascinated　as　he　was　by　the　virtues　which　it　sometimes　called　out；　but　in　this　respect；　also；　I　think　his　views　expanded　and　mellowed　as　time　went　on。　His　mind　was　so　capacious　as　to　take　in　Old…World　affairs　in　a　sense　which　very　few　people　outside　Europe；　since　Hamilton；　have　been　able　to　do。〃
  Now　the　truth　is　that　neither　the　eminent　person　who　wrote　this　letter；　nor　many　others　among　us；　saw　as　clearly　during　the　first　decade　of　this　century　as　Roosevelt　saw　that　war　was　not　a　remote　possibility；　but　a　very　real　danger。　I　think　that　he　was　almost　the　first　in　the　United　States　to　feel　the　menace　of　Germany　to　the　entire　world。　He　knew　the　strength　of　her　army；　and　when　she　began　to　build　rapidly　a　powerful　navy；　he　understood　that　the　likelihood　of　her　breaking　the　peace　was　more　than　doubled；　for　with　the　fleet　she　could　at　pleasure　go　up　and　down　the　seas；　picking　quarrels　as　she　went。　If　war　came　on　a　great　scale　in　Europe；　our　Republic　would　probably　be　involved；　we　should　either　take　sides　and　so　have　to　furnish　a　contingent；　or　we　should　restrict　our　operations　to　self…defense。　In　either　case　we　must　be　prepared。
  But　Roosevelt　recognized　also　that　on　the　completion　of　the　Panama　Canal　we　might　be　exposed　to　much　international　friction；　and　unless　we　were　ready　to　defend　the　Canal　and　its　approaches；　a　Foreign　Power　might　easily　do　it　great　damage　or　wrest　it　from　us；　at　least　for　a　time。　Here；　too；　was　another　motive　for　facing　the　possibility　of　war。　We　were　growing　up　in　almost　childish　trust　in　a　world　filled　with　warlike　nations；　which　regarded　war　not　only　as　the　obvious　way　in　which　to　settle　disputes；　but　as　the　easiest　way　to　seize　the　territory　and　the　wealth　of　rich　neighbors　who　could　not　defend　themselves。
  This　being　the　condition　of　life　as　our　country　had　to　lead　it；　we　were　criminally　remiss　in　not　taking　precautions。　But　Roosevelt　went　farther　than　this；　he　believed　that；　war　or　no　war；　a　nation　must　be　able　to　defend　itself；　so　must　every　individual　be。　Every　youth　should　have　sufficient　military　training　to　fit　him　to　take　his　place　at　a　moment's　notice　in　the　national　armament。　This　did　not　mean　the　maintenance　of　a　large　standing　army；　or　the　adoption　of　a　soul　and　character…killing　system　of　militarism　like　the　German。　It　meant　giving　training　to　every　youth　who　was　physically　sound　which　would　develop　and　strengthen　his　body；　teach　him　obedience；　and　impress　upon　him　his　patriotic　duty　to　his　country。
  I　was　among　those　who；　twenty　years　ago；　feared　that　Roosevelt's　projects　were　inspired　by　innate　pugnacity　which　he　could　not　outgrow。　Now；　in　this　year　of　his　death；　I　recognize　that　he　was　right；　and　I　believe　that　there　is　no　one；　on　whom　the　lesson　of　the　Atrocious　War　has　not　been　lost；　who　does　not　believe　in　his　gospel　of　military　training；　both　for　its　value　in　promoting　physical　fitness　and　health　and　in　providing　the　country　with　competent　defenders。　Roosevelt　detested　as　much　as　anyone　the　horrors　of　war；　but；　as　he　had　too　much　reason　to　remind　the　American　people　shortly　before　his　death；　there　are　things　worse　than　war。　And　when　in　1919　President　Charles　W。　Eliot　becomes　the　chief　advocate　of　universal　military　training；　we　need　not　fear　that　it　is　synonymous　with　militarism。
  On　one　subjecta　protective　tariffI　think　that　Roosevelt　was　less　satisfactory　than　on　any　other。　At　Harvard；　in　our　college　days；　John　Stuart　Mill's　ideas　on　economics　prevailed；　and　they　were　ably　expounded　by　Charles　F。　Dunbar；　who　then　stood　first　among　American　economists。　Being　a　consistent　Individualist；　and　believing　that　liberty　is　a　principle　which　applies　to　commerce；　not　less　than　to　intellectual　and　moral　freedom；　Mill；　of　course；　insisted　on　Free　Trade。　But　after　Roosevelt　joined　the　Republican　Partyin　the　straw　vote　for　President；　in　1880；　he　had　voted　like　a　large　majority　of　undergraduates　for　Bayard；　a　Democrathe　adopted　Protection　as　the　right　principle　in　theory　and　in　practice。　The　teachings　of　Alexander　Hamilton；　the　wonderful　spokesman　of　Federalism；　the　champion　of　a　strong　Government　which　should　be　beneficent　becau