第 12 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-24 23:39      字数:9321
  (62) Now; inasmuch as the basis of theology … the doctrine that man
  may be saved by obedience alone … cannot be proved by reason whether it
  be true or false; we may be asked; Why; then; should we believe it? (63) If
  we do so without the aid of reason; we accept it blindly; and act foolishly
  and injudiciously; if; on the other hand; we settle that it can be proved by
  reason; theology becomes a part of philosophy; and inseparable therefrom。
  (64) But I make answer that I have absolutely established that this basis of
  theology cannot be investigated by the natural light of reason; or; at any
  rate;   that   no  one    ever   has  proved     it  by  such   means;     and;   therefore;
  revelation     was   necessary。     (65)  We    should;    however;    make     use   of  our
  reason; in order to grasp with moral certainty what is revealed … I say; with
  moral   certainty;   for   we   cannot   hope   to   attain   greater   certainty;   than   the
  prophets: yet their certainty was only; moral; as I showed in Chap。 II。
  (66)    Those;    therefore;    who    attempt    to   set  forth   the  authority    of
  Scripture   with   mathematical   demonstrations   are   wholly   in   error:   for   the
  authority; of the Bible is dependent on the authority of the prophets; and
  can   be   supported   by   no   stronger   arguments   than   those   employed   in   old
  time by the prophets for convincing the people of their own authority。 (67)
  Our certainty on the same subject can be founded on no other basis than
  that which served as foundation for the certainty of the prophets。
  (68) Now the certainty of the prophets consisted (as we pointed out) in
  these elements:… (69) (I。) A distinct and vivid imagination。 (70) (II。) A sign。
  (71) (III。) Lastly; and chiefly; a   mind turned to what is just and good。 It
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  was based on no other reasons than these; and consequently they cannot
  prove their authority by any other reasons; either to the multitude whom
  they addressed orally; nor to us whom they address in writing。
  (72) The first of these reasons; namely; the vivid imagination; could be
  valid only for the prophets; therefore; our certainty concerning revelation
  must; and ought to be; based on the remaining two … namely; the sign and
  the   teaching。   (73)   Such   is   the   express   doctrine   of   Moses;   for   (in   Deut。
  xviii。) he bids the people obey the prophet who should give a true sign in
  the name of the Lord; but if he should predict falsely; even though it were
  in the name of the Lord; he should be put to death; as should also he who
  strives to lead away the people from the true religion; though he confirm
  his   authority   with   signs   and   portents。   (74)   We   may   compare   with   the
  above   Deut。   xiii。   (75)   Whence   it   follows   that   a   true   prophet   could   be
  distinguished from a false one; both by his doctrine and by the miracles he
  wrought; for Moses declares such an one to be a true prophet; and bids the
  people   trust   him  without   fear of   deceit。   (76)   He   condemns   as   false;   and
  worthy; of death; those who predict anything falsely even in the name of
  the Lord; or who preach false gods; even though their miracles be real。
  (77) The only reason; then; which we have for belief in Scripture or
  the writings of the prophets; is the doctrine we find therein; and the signs
  by which it is confirmed。 (78) For as we see that the prophets extol charity
  and justice  above all   things; and   have no   other object;  we conclude that
  they did not write from unworthy motives; but because they really thought
  that   men   might   become   blessed   through   obedience   and   faith:   further;   as
  we   see   that   they   confirmed   their   teaching   with   signs   and   wonders;   we
  become persuaded that they did not speak at random; nor run riot in their
  prophecies。 (79) We are further strengthened in our conclusion by the fact
  that the morality they teach is in evident agreement with reason; for it is
  no   accidental   coincidence   that   the   Word   of   God   which   we   find   in   the
  prophets coincides   with the Word of   God   written in our hearts。  (80) We
  may;   I   say;   conclude   this   from   the   sacred   books   as   certainly   as   did   the
  Jews of old from the living voice of the prophets: for we showed in Chap。
  XII。 that Scripture has come down to us intact in respect to its doctrine and
  main narratives。
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  (81)  Therefore   this   whole   basis   of   theology   and   Scripture;   though   it
  does   not    admit    of   mathematical      proof;    may    yet  be   accepted     with   the
  approval of our judgment。 (82) It would be folly to refuse to accept what is
  confirmed by such ample prophetic testimony; and what has proved such a
  comfort to those whose reason is comparatively weak; and such a benefit
  to the state;   a doctrine;   moreover;  which   we   may  believe   in   without   the
  slightest     peril  or  hurt;   and   should     reject  simply     because     it  cannot   be
  mathematically proved: it is as though we should admit nothing as true; or
  as a wise rule of life; which could ever; in any possible way; be called in
  question; or as though most of our actions were not full of uncertainty and
  hazards。
  (83) I admit that those who believe that theology and philosophy are
  mutually contradictory; and that therefore either one or the other must be
  thrust    from     its  throne    …  I  admit;    I  say;   that   such    persons     are   not
  unreasonable        in  attempting      to  put   theology     on   a   firm   basis;   and    to
  demonstrate its truth mathematically。 (84) Who; unless he were desperate
  or mad; would wish to bid an incontinent farewell to reason; or to despise
  the    arts  and   sciences;    or   to  deny    reason's    certitude?    (85)   But;   in  the
  meanwhile; we cannot wholly absolve them from blame; inasmuch as they
  invoke the aid of reason for her own defeat; and attempt infallibly to prove
  her    fallible。   (86)   While     they   are   trying   to  prove     mathematically       the
  authority and truth of theology; and to take away the authority of natural
  reason; they are in reality only bringing theology under reason's dominion;
  and proving that her authority has no weight unless natural reason be at
  the back of it。
  (87)   If   they  boast that   they  themselves   assent   because   of the   inward
  testimony of the Holy Spirit; and that they only invoke the aid of reason
  because   of   unbelievers;   in   order   to   convince   them;   not   even   so   can   this
  meet   with   our   approval;   for   we   can   easily   show   that   they   have   spoken
  either   from  emotion   or vain…glory。  (88)   It   most   clearly  follows   from  the
  last chapter that the Holy Spirit only gives its testimony in favour of works;
  called by Paul (in Gal。 v:22) the fruits of the Spirit; and is in itself really
  nothing but the mental acquiescence which follows a good action in our
  souls。 (89)   No spirit   gives testimony  concerning the  certitude of  matters
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  within the sphere of speculation; save only reason; who is mistress; as we
  have shown; of the whole realm of truth。 (90) If then they assert that they
  possess this Spirit which makes them certain of truth; they speak falsely;
  and according to the prejudices of the emotions; or else they are in great
  dread   lest   they   should   be   vanquished   by   philosophers   and   exposed   to
  public ridicule;   and   therefore   they  flee;   as   it   were;   to   the   altar; but   their
  refuge is vain; for what altar will shelter a man who has outraged reason?
  (91)   However;   I   pass   such   persons   over;   for   I   think   I   have   fulfilled   my
  purpose; and shown how philosophy  should be separated from  theology;
  and wherein each consists; that neither should be subservient to the other;
  but    that   each    should     keep    her   unopposed       dominion。      (92)   Lastly;    as
  occasion   offered;  I   have pointed out   the  absurdities; the  inconveniences;
  and     the   evils   following     from     the  extraordinary       confusion      which     has
  hitherto     prevailed   between   the   two       subjects;   owing   to   their   not     being
  properly   distinguished   and   separated。   (93)   Before   I   go   further   I   would
  expressly state (though I have said it before) that