第 10 节
作者:
莫莫言 更新:2021-02-24 23:39 字数:9322
cut off; I leave everyone to judge for himself!
(70) Before we go further; I may remark that we can; by means of
what we have just proved; easily answer the objections raised in Chap。 I。;
when we were discussing God's speaking with the Israelites on Mount
Sinai。 (71) For; though the voice heard by the Israelites could not give
those men any philosophical or mathematical certitude of God's existence;
it was yet sufficient to thrill them with admiration for God; as they already
knew Him; and to stir them up to obedience: and such was the object of
the display。 (72) God did not wish to teach the Israelites the absolute
attributes of His essence (none of which He then revealed); but to break
down their hardness of heart; and to draw them to obedience: therefore He
did not appeal to them with reasons; but with the sound of trumpets;
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thunder; and lightnings。
(73) It remains for me to show that between faith or theology; and
philosophy; there is no connection; nor affinity。 (74) I think no one will
dispute the fact who has knowledge of the aim and foundations of the two
subjects; for they are as wide apart as the poles。
(75) Philosophy has no end in view save truth: faith; as we have
abundantly proved; looks for nothing but obedience and piety。 (76) Again;
philosophy is based on axioms which must be sought from nature alone:
faith is based on history and language; and must be sought for only in
Scripture and revelation; as we showed in Chap。 VII。 (77) Faith; therefore;
allows the greatest latitude in philosophic speculation; allowing us without
blame to think what we like about anything; and only condemning; as
heretics and schismatics; those who teach opinions which tend to produce
obstinacy; hatred; strife; and anger; while; on the other hand; only
considering as faithful those who persuade us; as far as their reason and
faculties will permit; to follow justice and charity。
(78) Lastly; as what we are now setting forth are the most important
subjects of my treatise; I would most urgently beg the reader; before I
proceed; to read these two chapters with especial attention; and to take the
trouble to weigh them well in his mind: let him take for granted that I have
not written with a view to introducing novelties; but in order to do away
with abuses; such as I hope I may; at some future time; at last see
reformed。
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CHAPTER XV
THEOLOGY IS SHOWN NOT TO BE SUBSERVIENT TO
REASON; NOR REASON TO THEOLOGY: A DEFINITION OF THE
REASON WHICH ENABLES US TO ACCEPT THE AUTHORITY OF
THE BIBLE。
(1) Those who know not that philosophy and reason are distinct;
dispute whether Scripture should be made subservient to reason; or reason
to Scripture: that is; whether the meaning of Scripture should be made to
agreed with reason; or whether reason should be made to agree with
Scripture: the latter position is assumed by the sceptics who deny the
certitude of reason; the former by the dogmatists。 (2) Both parties are; as I
have shown; utterly in the wrong; for either doctrine would require us to
tamper with reason or with Scripture。
(3) We have shown that Scripture does not teach philosophy; but
merely obedience; and that all it contains has been adapted to the
understanding and established opinions of the multitude。 (4) Those;
therefore; who wish to adapt it to philosophy; must needs ascribe to the
prophets many ideas which they never even dreamed of; and give an
extremely forced interpretation to their words: those on the other hand;
who would make reason and philosophy subservient to theology; will be
forced to accept as Divine utterances the prejudices of the ancient Jews;
and to fill and confuse their mind therewith。 (5) In short; one party will run
wild with the aid of reason; and the other will run wild without the aid of
reason。
(6) The first among the Pharisees who openly maintained that
Scripture should be made to agree with reason; was Maimonides; whose
opinion we reviewed; and abundantly refuted in Chap。 VIII。: now;
although this writer had much authority among his contemporaries; he was
deserted on this question by almost all; and the majority went straight over
to the opinion of a certain R。 Jehuda Alpakhar; who; in his anxiety to avoid
the error of Maimonides; fell into another; which was its exact contrary。 (7)
He held that reason should be made subservient; and entirely give way to
Scripture。 (8) He thought that a passage should not be interpreted
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metaphorically; simply because it was repugnant to reason; but only in the
cases when it is inconsistent with Scripture itself … that is; with its clear
doctrines。 (9) Therefore he laid down the universal rule; that whatsoever
Scripture teaches dogmatically; and affirms expressly; must on its own
sole authority be admitted as absolutely true: that there is no doctrine in
the Bible which directly contradicts the general tenour of the whole: but
only some which appear to involve a difference; for the phrases of
Scripture often seem to imply something contrary to what has been
expressly taught。 (10) Such phrases; and such phrases only; we may
interpret metaphorically。
(11) For instance; Scripture clearly teaches the unity of God (see Deut。
vi:4); nor is there any text distinctly asserting a plurality of gods; but in
several passages God speaks of Himself; and the prophets speak of Him;
in the plural number; such phrases are simply a manner of speaking; and
do not mean that there actually are several gods: they are to be explained
metaphorically; not because a plurality of gods is repugnant to reason; but
because Scripture distinctly asserts that there is only one。
(12) So; again; as Scripture asserts (as Alpakhar thinks) in Deut。 iv:15;
that God is incorporeal; we are bound; solely by the authority of this text;
and not by reason; to believe that God has no body: consequently we must
explain metaphorically; on the sole authority of Scripture; all those
passages which attribute to God hands; feet; &c。; and take them merely as
figures of speech。 (13) Such is the opinion of Alpakhar。 In so far as he
seeks to explain Scripture by Scripture; I praise him; but I marvel that a
man gifted with reason should wish to debase that faculty。 (14) It is true
that Scripture should be explained by Scripture; so long as we are in
difficulties about the meaning and intention of the prophets; but when we
have elicited the true meaning; we must of necessity make use of our
judgment and reason in order to assent thereto。 (15) If reason; however;
much as she rebels; is to be entirely subjected to Scripture; I ask; are we to
effect her submission by her own aid; or without her; and blindly? (16) If
the latter; we shall surely act foolishly and injudiciously; if the former; we
assent to Scripture under the dominion of reason; and should not assent to
it without her。 (17) Moreover; I may ask now; is a man to assent to
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anything against his reason? (18) What is denial if it be not reason's
refusal to assent? (19) In short; I am astonished that anyone should wish to
subject reason; the greatest of gifts and a light from on high; to the dead
letter which may have been corrupted by human malice; that it should be
thought no crime to speak with contempt of mind; the true handwriting of
God's Word; calling it corrupt; blind; and lost; while it is considered the
gr