第 10 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-24 23:39      字数:9322
  cut off; I leave everyone to judge for himself!
  (70)   Before   we   go   further;   I   may   remark   that   we   can;   by   means   of
  what we have just proved; easily answer the objections raised in Chap。 I。;
  when   we   were   discussing   God's   speaking   with   the   Israelites   on   Mount
  Sinai。   (71)   For;   though   the   voice   heard   by   the   Israelites   could   not   give
  those men any philosophical or mathematical certitude of God's existence;
  it was yet sufficient to thrill them with admiration for God; as they already
  knew Him; and to stir them up to obedience: and such was the object of
  the   display。   (72)   God   did   not   wish   to   teach   the   Israelites   the   absolute
  attributes of His essence (none of which He then revealed); but to break
  down their hardness of heart; and to draw them to obedience: therefore He
  did   not   appeal   to   them   with   reasons;   but   with   the   sound   of   trumpets;
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  thunder; and lightnings。
  (73)   It   remains   for   me   to   show   that   between   faith   or   theology;   and
  philosophy;  there  is no connection; nor   affinity。  (74)   I  think   no   one   will
  dispute the fact who has knowledge of the aim and foundations of the two
  subjects; for they are as wide apart as the poles。
  (75)   Philosophy   has   no   end   in   view   save   truth:   faith;   as   we   have
  abundantly proved; looks for nothing but obedience and piety。 (76) Again;
  philosophy is based on axioms which must be sought from nature alone:
  faith   is   based   on   history   and   language;   and   must   be   sought   for   only   in
  Scripture and revelation; as we showed in Chap。 VII。 (77) Faith; therefore;
  allows the greatest latitude in philosophic speculation; allowing us without
  blame   to   think   what   we   like   about   anything;   and   only   condemning;   as
  heretics and schismatics; those who teach opinions which tend to produce
  obstinacy;      hatred;    strife;  and    anger;    while;    on   the   other    hand;    only
  considering as faithful those who persuade us; as far as their reason and
  faculties will permit; to follow justice and charity。
  (78) Lastly; as what we are now setting forth are the most important
  subjects   of   my   treatise;   I   would   most   urgently   beg   the   reader;   before   I
  proceed; to read these two chapters with especial attention; and to take the
  trouble to weigh them well in his mind: let him take for granted that I have
  not written with a view to introducing novelties; but in order to do away
  with     abuses;    such   as   I  hope    I  may;   at  some     future   time;   at  last   see
  reformed。
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  CHAPTER XV
  THEOLOGY           IS   SHOWN         NOT      TO    BE    SUBSERVIENT            TO
  REASON;   NOR   REASON   TO   THEOLOGY: A  DEFINITION   OF   THE
  REASON WHICH ENABLES US TO ACCEPT THE AUTHORITY OF
  THE BIBLE。
  (1)   Those    who   know    not   that  philosophy   and     reason   are  distinct;
  dispute whether Scripture should be made subservient to reason; or reason
  to Scripture: that is; whether the meaning of Scripture should be made to
  agreed   with    reason;   or   whether   reason   should    be   made   to  agree   with
  Scripture:   the   latter   position   is   assumed   by   the   sceptics   who   deny   the
  certitude of reason; the former by the dogmatists。 (2) Both parties are; as I
  have shown; utterly in the wrong; for either doctrine would require us to
  tamper with reason or with Scripture。
  (3)   We   have   shown     that  Scripture   does   not   teach   philosophy;    but
  merely     obedience;     and   that  all  it  contains   has   been    adapted    to  the
  understanding       and   established    opinions    of   the  multitude。    (4)   Those;
  therefore;  who   wish to   adapt it   to philosophy;   must   needs   ascribe   to  the
  prophets   many   ideas   which   they   never   even   dreamed   of;   and   give   an
  extremely   forced   interpretation   to   their   words:   those   on   the   other   hand;
  who would make reason and philosophy subservient to theology; will be
  forced to accept as Divine utterances the prejudices of the ancient Jews;
  and to fill and confuse their mind therewith。 (5) In short; one party will run
  wild with the aid of reason; and the other will run wild without the aid of
  reason。
  (6)   The    first  among     the  Pharisees     who    openly    maintained     that
  Scripture should be made to agree with reason; was Maimonides; whose
  opinion     we    reviewed;    and    abundantly     refuted   in  Chap。    VIII。:   now;
  although this writer had much authority among his contemporaries; he was
  deserted on this question by almost all; and the majority went straight over
  to the opinion of a certain R。 Jehuda Alpakhar; who; in his anxiety to avoid
  the error of Maimonides; fell into another; which was its exact contrary。 (7)
  He held that reason should be made subservient; and entirely give way to
  Scripture。     (8)  He    thought    that  a  passage    should    not   be   interpreted
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  metaphorically; simply because it was repugnant to reason; but only in the
  cases when it   is inconsistent with   Scripture itself   … that is;  with its   clear
  doctrines。 (9) Therefore he laid down the universal rule; that whatsoever
  Scripture   teaches   dogmatically;   and   affirms   expressly;   must   on   its   own
  sole authority be admitted as absolutely true: that there is no doctrine in
  the Bible which directly contradicts the general tenour of the whole: but
  only     some    which     appear    to   involve    a  difference;     for  the   phrases    of
  Scripture      often   seem     to  imply    something      contrary     to  what    has   been
  expressly      taught。    (10)   Such    phrases;    and   such    phrases    only;   we   may
  interpret metaphorically。
  (11) For instance; Scripture clearly teaches the unity of God (see Deut。
  vi:4); nor is there any text distinctly asserting a plurality of gods; but in
  several passages God speaks of Himself; and the prophets speak of Him;
  in the plural number; such phrases are simply a manner of speaking; and
  do not mean that there actually are several gods: they are to be explained
  metaphorically; not because a plurality of gods is repugnant to reason; but
  because Scripture distinctly asserts that there is only one。
  (12) So; again; as Scripture asserts (as Alpakhar thinks) in Deut。 iv:15;
  that God is incorporeal; we are bound; solely by the authority of this text;
  and not by reason; to believe that God has no body: consequently we must
  explain      metaphorically;      on   the   sole   authority     of   Scripture;    all  those
  passages which attribute to God hands; feet; &c。; and take them merely as
  figures   of   speech。   (13)   Such   is   the   opinion   of Alpakhar。   In   so   far   as   he
  seeks to explain Scripture by Scripture; I praise him; but I marvel that a
  man gifted with reason should wish to debase that faculty。 (14) It is true
  that   Scripture   should   be   explained   by   Scripture;   so   long   as   we   are   in
  difficulties about the meaning and intention of the prophets; but when we
  have   elicited   the   true   meaning;   we   must   of   necessity   make   use   of   our
  judgment   and   reason   in   order  to   assent thereto。  (15)   If  reason;   however;
  much as she rebels; is to be entirely subjected to Scripture; I ask; are we to
  effect her submission by her own aid; or without her; and blindly? (16) If
  the latter; we shall surely act foolishly and injudiciously; if the former; we
  assent to Scripture under the dominion of reason; and should not assent to
  it   without   her。   (17)   Moreover;   I     may   ask   now;   is   a   man   to   assent   to
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  anything   against   his   reason?       (18)   What   is   denial   if   it   be   not   reason's
  refusal to assent? (19) In short; I am astonished that anyone should wish to
  subject reason; the greatest of gifts and a light from on high; to the dead
  letter which may have been corrupted by human malice; that it should be
  thought no crime to speak with contempt of mind; the true handwriting of
  God's Word; calling it corrupt; blind; and lost; while it is considered the
  gr