第 8 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-24 23:39      字数:9322
  what was adapted to the popular intelligence; would find it impossible to
  escape confounding the opinions of the masses with the Divine doctrines;
  praising the judgments and comments of man as the teaching of God; and
  making   a   wrong   use   of   Scriptural   authority。   (3)   Who;   I   say;   does   not
  perceive     that   this  is  the  chief   reason    why    so   many    sectaries   teach
  contradictory opinions as Divine documents; and support their contentions
  with numerous Scriptural texts; till it has passed in Belgium into a proverb;
  geen ketter sonder letter … no heretic without a text? (4) The sacred books
  were not written by one man; nor for the people of a single period; but by
  many authors of different temperaments; at times extending from first to
  last over nearly two thousand years; and perhaps much longer。 (5) We will
  not; however; accuse the sectaries of impiety because they have   adapted
  the words of Scripture  to   their own   opinions; it is thus that these  words
  were adapted to the understanding of the masses originally; and everyone
  is at liberty so to treat them if he sees that he can thus obey God in matters
  relating to justice and charity with a more full consent: but we do accuse
  those who will not grant this freedom to their fellows; but who persecute
  all   who   differ   from   them;   as   God's   enemies;   however   honourable   and
  virtuous be their lives; while; on the other hand; they cherish those who
  agree with   them;   however foolish   they  may be;   as   God's elect。   (6)   Such
  conduct     is  as  wicked    and   dangerous      to  the  state  as  any   that  can   be
  conceived。
  (7)   In  order;   therefore;   to  establish   the  limits   to  which    individual
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  freedom       should    extend;     and   to   decide    what    persons;     in  spite   of   the
  diversity of their opinions; are to be looked upon as the faithful; we must
  define   faith   and   its   essentials。   (8) This   task   I   hope   to   accomplish   in   the
  present chapter; and also to separate faith from  philosophy; which is the
  chief aim of the whole treatise。
  (9) In order to proceed duly to the demonstration let us recapitulate the
  chief aim and object of Scripture; this will indicate a standard by which
  we may define faith。
  (10)   We   have   said   in   a   former   chapter   that   the   aim   and   object   of
  Scripture is only to teach obedience。 (11) Thus much; I think; no one can
  question。 (12) Who does not see that both Testaments are nothing else but
  schools for this object; and have neither of them any aim beyond inspiring
  mankind with a voluntary obedience? (13) For (not to repeat what I said in
  the   last   chapter)   I   will   remark   that   Moses   did   not   seek   to   convince   the
  Jews     by    reason;    but   bound     them     by   a  covenant;      by   oaths;    and   by
  conferring benefits;   further;  he  threatened the  people  with   punishment   if
  they should infringe the law; and promised rewards if they should obey it。
  (14)  All   these   are   not   means   for   teaching   knowledge;   but   for   inspiring
  obedience。   (15)   The   doctrine   of   the   Gospels   enjoins   nothing   but   simple
  faith;   namely;   to   believe   in   God   and   to   honour   Him;   which   is   the   same
  thing as to obey him。  (16) There is no occasion   for me to throw  further
  light    on   a   question     so   plain   by   citing    Scriptural    texts    commending
  obedience; such as may be found in great numbers in both Testaments。 (17)
  Moreover; the   Bible teaches very clearly  in a great many  passages  what
  everyone ought to do in order to obey God; the whole duty is summed up
  in love to one's neighbour。 (18) It cannot; therefore; be denied that he who
  by God's   command   loves his   neighbour as   himself   is   truly  obedient   and
  blessed   according   to   the   law;   whereas   he   who   hates   his   neighbour   or
  neglects him is rebellious and obstinate。
  (19) Lastly; it is plain to everyone that the Bible was not written and
  disseminated   only;   for   the   learned;   but   for   men   of   every   age   and   race;
  wherefore       we   may;    rest   assured    that   we   are   not   bound     by   Scriptural
  command   to   believe   anything   beyond   what   is   absolutely   necessary;   for
  fulfilling its main precept。
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  (20) This precept; then; is the only standard of the whole Catholic faith;
  and by it alone all the dogmas needful to be believed should be determined。
  (21) So much being abundantly manifest; as is also the fact that all other
  doctrines   of   the   faith   can   be   legitimately   deduced   therefrom   by   reason
  alone; I leave it to every man to decide for himself how it comes to pass
  that so many divisions have arisen in the Church: can it be from any other
  cause than those suggested at the beginning of Chap。 VIII。? (22) It is these
  same causes which compel me to explain the method of determining the
  dogmas   of   the   faith   from   the   foundation   we   have   discovered;   for   if   I
  neglected to do so; and put the question on a regular basis; I might justly
  be   said   to   have   promised   too    lavishly;   for   that   anyone   might;   by   my
  showing; introduce any doctrine he liked into religion; under the  pretext
  that it was a necessary means to obedience: especially would this be the
  case in questions respecting the Divine attributes。
  (23) In order; therefore; to set forth the whole matter methodically; I
  will begin with a definition of faith; which on the principle above given;
  should be as follows:…
  (24) Faith consists in a knowledge of God; without which obedience to
  Him would be impossible; and which the mere fact of obedience to Him
  implies。 (25) This definition is so clear; and follows so plainly from what
  we     have    already     proved;    that   it  needs     no   explanation。      (26)   The
  consequences involved therein I will now briefly show。
  (27)    (I。)  Faith  is  not  salutary    in  itself;  but  only   in  respect    to  the
  obedience it implies; or as James puts it in his Epistle; ii:17; 〃Faith without
  works is dead〃 (see the whole of the chapter quoted)。
  (28)   (II。)  He   who   is   truly   obedient   necessarily   possesses      true   and
  saving faith; for if obedience be granted; faith must be granted also; as the
  same Apostle   expressly   says   in   these   words   (ii:18);   〃Show   me   thy   faith
  without thy works; and I will show thee my faith by my works。〃 (29) So
  also John; I Ep。 iv:7: 〃Everyone that loveth is born of God; and knoweth
  God:   he   that   loveth   not;   knoweth   not   God;   for   God   is   love。〃   (30)   From
  these texts; I repeat; it follows that   we can only judge   a man faithful   or
  unfaithful by his works。 (31) If his works be good; he is faithful; however
  much his doctrines may differ from those of the rest of the faithful: if his
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  works be evil; though he may verbally conform; he is unfaithful。 (32) For
  obedience implies faith; and faith without works is dead。
  (33)   John;   in   the   13th   verse   of   the   chapter   above   quoted;   expressly
  teaches the same doctrine: 〃Hereby;〃 he says; 〃know we that we dwell in
  Him and He in us; because He hath given us of His Spirit;〃 i。e。 love。 (34)
  He had said before that   God is   love; and   therefore he   concludes (on   his
  own   received   principles);   that   whoso   possesses   love   possesses   truly   the
  Spirit of God。 (35) As no one has beheld God   he infers that no one   has
  knowledge        or   consciousness       of   God;    except    from    love    towards     his
  neighbour;   and   also   that   no   one   can   have   knowledge   of   any   of   God's
  attributes; except this of love; in so far as we participate therein。
  (36) If these arguments are not conclusive; they; at any rate; show the
  Apostle's meaning; but the words in chap。 ii:3; 4; of the same Epistle are
  much   clearer;   for   they   state   in   so   many   words   our   precise   contention:
  〃And      hereby     we    do    know     that    we    know     Him;     if  we    keep     His
  commandments。   (37)   He   that   saith;   I   know   Him;   and   keepeth   not   His
  commandments; is a liar; and the truth is not in him。〃
  (38) From all this; I repeat; it follows that they are the true enemies of
  Christ   w