第 7 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-24 23:39      字数:9322
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  heartedness; and in contrast to the extraordinary grace granted to Moses; it
  follows; as we stated at first; that men are not bound by; decree to have
  knowledge of the attributes of God; such knowledge being only granted to
  a  few  of   the  faithful:   it  is   hardly  worth   while  to   quote   further   examples
  from Scripture; for everyone must recognize that knowledge of God is not
  equal among all good men。 (22) Moreover; a man cannot be ordered to be
  wise any more than he can be ordered to live and exist。 (23) Men; women;
  and   children   are   all   alike   able   to   obey  by;   commandment;   but   not   to   be
  wise。    If  any   tell  us   that  it  is  not  necessary   to    understand      the  Divine
  attributes;   but   that   we   must   believe   them   simply;   without   proof;   he   is
  plainly; trifling。 (24) For what is invisible and can only; be perceived by
  the mind; cannot be apprehended by any; other means than proofs; if these
  are absent the object remains ungrasped; the repetition of what has been
  heard on such subjects no more indicates or attains to their meaning than
  the words of a parrot or a puppet speaking without sense or signification。
  (25)   Before   I   proceed   I   ought   to   explain   how   it   comes   that   we   are
  often told in Genesis that the patriarchs preached in the name of Jehovah;
  this being in plain contradiction to the text above quoted。 (26) A reference
  to what was said in Chap。 VIII。 will readily explain the difficulty。 (27) It
  was there shown that the writer of the Pentateuch did not always speak of
  things   and   places   by  the   names   they  bore   in   the   times   of   which   he   was
  writing; but by the names best known to his contemporaries。 (28) God is
  thus said in the Pentateuch to have been preached by the patriarchs under
  the    name    of   Jehovah;     not  because     such    was   the   name     by  which     the
  patriarchs knew Him; but because this name was the one most reverenced
  by   the   Jews。   (29)   This   point;   I   say;   must   necessarily   be   noticed;   for   in
  Exodus it is expressly stated that God was not known to the patriarchs by
  this name;   and in   chap。   iii:13; it   is said   that   Moses   desired   to   know   the
  name   of   God。  (30)   Now;   if   this name   had   been   already  known   it   would
  have been known to Moses。 (31) We must therefore draw the conclusion
  indicated; namely;  that the   faithful patriarchs did not   know this name   of
  God; and that the knowledge of God is bestowed and not commanded by
  the Deity。
  (32) It is now time to pass on to our second point; and show that God
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  through His prophets required from men no other knowledge of Himself
  than   is   contained   in   a   knowledge   of   His   justice   and   charity  …   that   is;   of
  attributes which a certain manner of life will enable men to imitate。 (33)
  Jeremiah states this in so many words (xxii:15; 16): 〃Did not thy father eat;
  and drink; and do judgment and justice? and then it was well with him。 (34)
  He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then it was well with him: was
  not this to know Me ? saith the Lord。〃 (35) The words in chap。 ix:24 of the
  same book are equally; clear。 (36) 〃But let him that glorieth glory in this;
  that he understandeth and knoweth Me; that I am the Lord which exercise
  loving…   kindness;   judgment;   and   righteousness   in   the   earth;   for   in   these
  things I delight; saith the Lord。〃 (37) The same doctrine maybe gathered
  from   Exod。   xxxiv:6;   where   God   revealed   to   Moses   only;   those   of   His
  attributes   which   display   the   Divine   justice   and   charity。   (38)   Lastly;   we
  may   call   attention   to   a   passage   in   John   which   we   shall   discuss   at   more
  length hereafter; the Apostle explains the nature of God (inasmuch as no
  one   has   beheld   Him)   through   charity   only;   and   concludes   that   he   who
  possesses charity possesses; and in very; truth knows God。
  (39) We have thus seen that Moses; Jeremiah; and John sum up in a
  very short   compass the knowledge of   God   needful   for   all;   and   that   they
  state it to consist in exactly what we said; namely; that God is supremely
  just; and supremely merciful … in other words; the one perfect pattern of
  the   true   life。   (40)   We   may   add   that   Scripture   nowhere   gives   an   express
  definition of God; and does not point out any other of His attributes which
  should   be   apprehended   save   these;   nor   does   it   in   set   terms   praise   any
  others。     (41)   Wherefore      we   may    draw    the   general    conclusion      that  an
  intellectual knowledge of God; which takes cognizance of His nature in so
  far as it actually is; and which cannot by any manner of living be imitated
  by mankind or followed as an example; has no bearing whatever on true
  rules of conduct; on faith; or on revealed religion; consequently that men
  may be in complete error on the subject without incurring the charge of
  sinfulness。 (42) We need now no longer wonder that God adapted Himself
  to   the   existing   opinions   and   imaginations   of   the   prophets;   or   that   the
  faithful held different ideas of God; as we showed in Chap。 II。; or; again;
  that the sacred books speak very inaccurately of God; attributing to Him
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  hands; feet; eyes; ears; a mind; and motion from one place to another; or
  that they ascribe to Him emotions; such as jealousy; mercy; &c。; or; lastly;
  that they describe Him as a Judge in heaven sitting on a royal throne with
  Christ     on   His   right   hand。    (43)   Such    expressions      are   adapted     to  the
  understanding   of  the   multitude; it   being   the  object   of the   Bible  to   make
  men not learned but obedient。
  (44)  In spite   of this   the   general   run   of   theologians;  when   they  come
  upon any of these phrases which they cannot rationally harmonize with the
  Divine   nature;   maintain   that   they   should   be   interpreted   metaphorically;
  passages   they  cannot   understand they  say   should be   interpreted   literally。
  (45) But if every expression of this kind in the Bible is necessarily to be
  interpreted      and   understood       metaphorically;      Scripture     must    have    been
  written;     not  for   the  people    and    the  unlearned     masses;     but   chiefly   for
  accomplished experts and philosophers。
  (46) If it were indeed a sin to hold piously and simply the ideas about
  God we have just quoted; the prophets ought to have been strictly on their
  guard against the use of such expressions; seeing the weak…mindedness of
  the people; and ought; on the other hand; to have set forth first of all; duly
  and clearly; those attributes of God which are needful to be understood。
  (47)   This   they   have   nowhere   done;   we   cannot;   therefore;   think   that
  opinions taken in themselves without respect to actions are either pious or
  impious; but must maintain that a man is pious or impious in his beliefs
  only in so far as he is thereby incited to obedience; or derives from them
  license to sin and rebel。 (48) If a man; by believing what is true; becomes
  rebellious; his creed is impious; if by believing what is false he becomes
  obedient; his creed is pious; for the true knowledge of God comes not by
  commandment;   but   by   Divine   gift。   (49)   God   has   required   nothing   from
  man   but   a   knowledge   of   His   Divine   justice   and   charity;   and   that   not   as
  necessary to scientific accuracy; but to obedience。
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  CHAPTER XIV
  DEFINITIONS OF FAITH; THE FAITH; AND THE FOUNDATIONS
  OF     FAITH;      WHICH        IS   ONCE       FOR     ALL     SEPARATED          FROM
  PHILOSOPHY。
  (1)   For   a   true   knowledge   of   faith   it   is   above   all   things   necessary   to
  understand that the Bible was adapted to the intelligence; not only of the
  prophets; but also of the diverse and fickle Jewish multitude。 (2) This will
  be recognized by all who give any thought to the subject; for they will see
  that a person who accepted promiscuously everything in Scripture as being
  the   universal   and   absolute   teaching   of   God;   without   accurately   defining
  what was adapted to the popular intelligence;