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作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-24 23:39      字数:9322
  were expressly commanded to preach to the Israelites。 Lastly; the prophets
  only preached   what we   are assured by Scripture   they had   received from
  God; whereas this is hardly ever said of the Apostles in the New Testament;
  when they went about to preach。 (29) On the contrary; we find passages
  expressly implying that the Apostles chose the places where they should
  preach on their own responsibility; for there was a difference amounting to
  a quarrel between Paul and Barnabas on the subject (Acts xv:37; 38)。 (30)
  Often   they  wished   to   go   to   a   place;   but   were   prevented;   as   Paul   writes;
  Rom。 i:13; 〃Oftentimes I purposed to come to you; but was let hitherto;〃
  and in I Cor。 xvi:12; 〃As touching our brother Apollos; I greatly desired
  him to come unto you with the brethren; but his will was not at all to come
  at this time: but he will come when he shall have convenient time。〃
  (31)   From   these   expressions   and   differences   of   opinion   among   the
  Apostles; and also from the fact that Scripture nowhere testifies of them;
  as   of the   ancient   prophets;   that they  went   by  the   command   of   God;   one
  might   conclude   that   they   preached   as   well   as   wrote   in   their   capacity   of
  teachers;   and   not   as   prophets:   but   the   question   is   easily   solved   if   we
  observe the difference between the mission of an Apostle and that of an
  Old   Testament   prophet。   (32)   The   latter   were   not   called   to   preach   and
  prophesy   to   all   nations;   but   to   certain   specified   ones;   and   therefore   an
  express and peculiar mandate was required for each of them; the Apostles;
  on the other hand; were called to preach to all men absolutely; and to turn
  all   men   to   religion。   (33)   Therefore;   whithersoever   they   went;   they   were
  fulfilling   Christ's   commandment;   there   was   no   need   to   reveal   to   them
  beforehand what they should preach; for they were the disciples of Christ
  to   whom   their   Master   Himself   said   (Matt。   X:19;   20):   〃But;   when   they
  deliver you up; take no thought how or what ye shall speak; for it shall be
  given   you   in   that   same   hour   what   ye   shall   speak。〃   (34)   We   therefore
  conclude that the Apostles were only indebted to special revelation in what
  they orally preached and confirmed by signs (see the beginning of Chap。
  11。);     that   which     they    taught    in   speaking      or   writing     without     any
  confirmatory signs and wonders they taught from their natural knowledge。
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  (See   I   Cor。   xiv:6。)   (35) We   need   not   be   deterred   by  the   fact that   all   the
  Epistles begin by citing the imprimatur of the Apostleship; for the Apostles;
  as I will shortly show; were granted; not only the faculty of prophecy; but
  also the authority to teach。 (36) We may therefore admit that they wrote
  their Epistles as Apostles; and for this cause every one of them began by
  citing the Apostolic  imprimatur; possibly  with a  view to   the attention of
  the   reader   by   asserting   that   they   were   the   persons   who   had   made   such
  mark   among   the   faithful   by   their   preaching;   and   had   shown   bv   many
  marvelous   works   that   they   were   teaching   true   religion   and   the   way   of
  salvation。 (37) I observe that what is said in the Epistles with regard to the
  Apostolic vocation and the Holy Spirit of God which inspired them; has
  reference   to   their   former   preaching;   except   in   those   passages   where   the
  expressions of the Spirit of God and the Holy Spirit are used to signify a
  mind pure; upright; and devoted to God。 (38) For instance; in 1 Cor。 vii:40;
  Paul   says:   But   she   is   happier   if   she   so   abide;   after   my   judgment;   and   I
  think   also   that   I   have   the   Spirit   of   God。〃   (39)   By  the   Spirit   of   God   the
  Apostle   here   refers   to   his   mind;   as   we   may   see   from   the   context:   his
  meaning is as follows: 〃I account blessed a widow who does not wish to
  marry   a   second   husband;   such   is   my   opinion;   for   I   have   settled   to   live
  unmarried;   and   I   think   that   I   am   blessed。〃   (40)   There   are   other   similar
  passages which I need not now quote。
  (41) As we have seen that the Apostles wrote their Epistles solely by
  the   light   of   natural   reason;   we   must   inquire   how   they   were   enabled   to
  teach by natural knowledge matters outside its scope。 (42) However; if we
  bear in mind what we said in Chap。 VII。 of this treatise our difficulty will
  vanish:      for  although      the   contents     of   the   Bible    entirely    surpass     our
  understanding;   we   may   safely   discourse   of   them;   provided   we   assume
  nothing not told us in Scripture: by the same method the Apostles; from
  what   they   saw   and   heard;   and   from   what   was   revealed   to   them;   were
  enabled to form and elicit many conclusions which they would have been
  able to teach to men had it been permissible。
  (43) Further; although religion; as preached by the Apostles; does not
  come within the sphere of reason; in so far as it consists in the narration of
  the life of Christ; yet its essence; which is chiefly moral; like the whole of
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  Christ's doctrine;   can   readily;   be   apprehended   by  the   natural   faculties   of
  all。
  (44) Lastly; the Apostles had no lack of supernatural illumination for
  the   purpose   of   adapting   the   religion   they   had   attested   by   signs   to   the
  understanding   of   everyone   so   that   it   might   be   readily   received;   nor   for
  exhortations on the subject: in fact; the object of the Epistles is to teach
  and   exhort   men   to   lead   that   manner   of   life   which   each   of   the Apostles
  judged best for confirming them in religion。 (45) We may here repeat our
  former   remark;   that   the   Apostles   had   received   not   only   the   faculty   of
  preaching the history; of Christ as prophets; and confirming it with signs;
  but   also   authority   for   teaching   and   exhorting   according   as   each   thought
  best。 (46) Paul (2 Tim。 i:11); 〃Whereunto I am appointed a preacher; and
  an    apostle;    and    a   teacher    of   the   Gentiles;〃     and   again    (I   Tim。    ii:7);
  〃Whereunto I am ordained a preacher and an apostle (I speak the truth in
  Christ and lie not); a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity。〃 (47) These
  passages;   I   say;   show   clearly   the   stamp   both   of   the   apostleship   and   the
  teachership: the authority for admonishing whomsoever and wheresoever
  he pleased is asserted by Paul in the Epistle to Philemon; v:8: 〃Wherefore;
  though      I  might    be   much     bold    in  Christ    to  enjoin    thee   that   which     is
  convenient;   yet;〃   &c。;   where   we   may   remark   that   if   Paul   had   received
  from God as a prophet what he wished to enjoin Philemon; and had been
  bound to speak in his prophetic capacity; he would not have been able to
  change      the   command        of  God     into   entreaties。    (48)   We    must    therefore
  understand   him   to   refer   to   the   permission   to   admonish   which   he             had
  received as a teacher; and not as a prophet。 (49) We have not yet made it
  quite clear that the Apostles might each choose his own way of teaching;
  but only that by virtue of their Apostleship they were teachers as well as
  prophets; however; if we call reason to our aid we shall clearly see that an
  authority   to   teach   implies   authority   to   choose   the   method。   (50)   It   will
  nevertheless   be;   perhaps;   more   satisfactory   to   draw   all   our   proofs   from
  Scripture; we are there plainly told that each Apostle chose his particular
  method (Rom。 xv: 20): 〃Yea; so have I strived to preach the gospel; not
  where       Christ    was    named;      lest   I  should     build    upon     another     man's
  foundation。〃   (51)   If   all   the   Apostles   had   adopted   the   same   method   of
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  teaching; and had all built up the Christian religion on the same foundation;
  Paul   would      have   had   no   reason    to   call   the   work  of   a  fellow…Apostle
  〃another man's foundation;〃 inasmuch as it would have been identical with
  his own: his calling it another man's proved that each Apostle built up h