might　likewise　restrict　or　forbid　interstate　commerce　in　slaves。　The　West　Indies　and　Mexico　were　also　closely　associated　with　the　United　States　in　the　matter　of　slavery。　When　Jamestown　was　founded；　negro　slavery　was　already　an　old　institution　in　the　islands　of　the　Caribbean　Sea；　and　thence　came　the　first　slaves　to　Virginia。　The　abolition　of　slavery　in　the　island　of　Hayti；　or　San　Domingo；　was　accomplished　during　the　French　Revolution　and　the　Napoleonic　Wars。　As　incidental　to　the　process　of　emancipation；　the　Caucasian　inhabitants　were　massacred　or　banished；　and　a　republican　government　was　established；　composed　exclusively　of　negroes　and　mulattoes。　From　the　date　of　the　Missouri　Compromise　to　that　of　the　Mexican　War；　this　island　was　united　under　a　single　republic；　though　it　was　afterwards　divided　into　the　two　republics　of　Hayti　and　San　Domingo。　The　〃horrors　of　San　Domingo〃　were　never　absent　from　the　minds　of　those　in　the　United　States　who　lived　in　communities　composed　chiefly　of　slaves。　What　had　happened　on　the　island　was　accepted　by　Southern　planters　as　proof　that　the　two　races　could　live　together　in　peace　only　under　the　relation　of　master　and　slave；　and　that　emancipation　boded　the　extermination　of　one　race　or　the　other。　Abolitionists；　however；　interpreted　the　facts　differently：　they　emphasized　the　tyranny　of　the　white　rulers　as　a　primary　cause　of　the　massacres；　they　endowed　some　of　the　negro　leaders　with　the　highest　qualities　of　statesmanship　and　self…sacrificing　generosity；　and　Wendell　Phillips；　in　an　impassioned　address　which　he　delivered　in　1861；　placed　on　the　honor　roll　above　the　chief　worthies　of　historyincluding　Cromwell　and　Washington　Toussaint　L'Ouverture；　the　liberator　of　Hayti；　whom　France　had　betrayed　and　murdered。　Abolitionists　found　support　for　their　position　in　the　contention　that　other　communities　had　abolished　slavery　without　such　accompanying　horrors　as　occurred　in　Hayti　and　without　serious　race　conflict。　Slavery　had　run　its　course　in　Spanish　America；　and　emancipation　accompanied　or　followed　the　formation　of　independent　republics。　In　1833　all　slaves　in　the　British　Empire　were　liberated；　including　those　in　the　important　island　of　Jamaica。　So　it　happened　that；　just　at　the　time　when　Southern　leaders　were　making　up　their　minds　to　defend　their　peculiar　institution　at　all　hazards；　they　were　beset　on　every　side　by　the　spirit　of　emancipation。　Abolitionists；　on　the　other　hand；　were　fully　convinced　that　the　attainment　of　some　form　of　emancipation　in　the　United　States　was　certain；　and　that；　either　peaceably　or　through　violence；　the　slaves　would　ultimately　be　liberated。
  CHAPTER　III。　EARLY　CRUSADERS　At　the　time　when　the　new　cotton　industry　was　enhancing　the　value　of　slave　labor；　there　arose　from　the　ranks　of　the　people　those　who　freely　consecrated　their　all　to　the　freeing　of　the　slave。　Among　these；　Benjamin　Lundy；　a　New　Jersey　Quaker；　holds　a　significant　place。　Though　the　Society　of　Friends　fills　a　large　place　in　the　anti…slavery　movement；　its　contribution　to　the　growth　of　the　conception　of　equality　is　even　more　significant。　This　impetus　to　the　idea　arises　from　a　fundamental　Quaker　doctrine；　announced　at　the　middle　of　the　seventeenth　century；　to　the　erect　that　God　reveals　Himself　to　mankind；　not　through　any　priesthood　or　specially　chosen　agents；　not　through　any　ordinance；　form；　or　ceremony；　not　through　any　church　or　institution；　not　through　any　book　or　written　record　of　any　sort；　but　directly；　through　His　Spirit；　to　each　person。　This　direct　enlightening　agency　they　deemed　coextensive　with　humanity；　no　race　and　no　individual　is　left　without　the　ever…present　illuminating　Spirit。　If　men　of　old　spoke　as　they　were　moved　by　the　Holy　Spirit；　what　they　spoke　or　wrote　can　furnish　no　reliable　guidance　to　the　men　of　a　later　generation；　except　as　their　minds　also　are　enlightened　by　the　same　Spirit　in　the　same　way。　〃The　letter　killeth；　it　is　the　Spirit　that　giveth　life。〃　This　doctrine　in　its　purity　and　simplicity　places　all　men　and　all　races　on　an　equality；　all　are　alike　ignorant　and　imperfect；　all　are　alike　in　their　need　of　the　more　perfect　revelation　yet　to　be　made。　Master　and　slave　are　equal　before　God；　there　can　be　no　such　relation；　therefore；　except　by　doing　violence　to　a　personality；　to　a　spiritual　being。　In　harmony　with　this　fundamental　principle；　the　Society　of　Friends　early　rid　itself　of　all　connection　with　slavery。　The　Friends'　Meeting　became　a　refuge　for　those　who　were　moved　by　the　Spirit　to　testify　against　slavery。　Born　in　1789　in　a　State　which　was　then　undergoing　the　process　of　emancipating　its　slaves；　Benjamin　Lundy　moved　at　the　age　of　nineteen　to　Wheeling；　West　Virginia；　which　had　already　become　the　center　of　an　active　domestic　slave…trade。　The　pious　young　Quaker；　now　apprenticed　to　a　saddler；　was　brought　into　personal　contact　with　this　traffic　in　human　flesh。　He　felt　keenly　the　national　disgrace　of　the　iniquity。　So　deep　did　the　iron　enter　into　his　soul　that　never　again　did　he　find　peace　of　mind　except　in　efforts　to　relieve　the　oppressed。　Like　hundreds　and　thousands　of　others；　Lundy　was　led　on　to　active　opposition　to　the　trade　by　an　actual　knowledge　of　the　inhumanity　of　the　business　as　prosecuted　before　his　eyes　and　by　his　sympathy　for　human　suffering。　His　apprenticeship　ended；　Lundy　was　soon　established　in　a　prosperous　business　in　an　Ohio　village　not　far　from　Wheeling。　Though　he　now　lived　in　a　free　State；　the　call　of　the　oppressed　was　ever　in　his　ears　and　he　could　not　rest。　He　drew　together　a　few　of　his　neighbors；　and　together　they　organized　the　Union　Humane　Society；　whose　object　was　the　relief　of　those　held　in　bondage。　In　a　few　months　the　society　numbered　several　hundred　members；　and　Lundy　issued　an　address　to　the　philanthropists　of　the　whole　country；　urging　them　to　unite　in　like　manner　with　uniform　constitutions；　and　suggesting　that　societies　so　formed　adopt　a　policy　of　correspondence　and　cooperation。　At　about　the　same　time；　Lundy　began　to　publish　anti…slavery　articles　in　the　Mount　Pleasant　Philanthropist　and　other　papers。　In　1819　he　went　on　a　business　errand　to　St。　Louis；　Missouri；　where　he　found　himself　in　the　midst　of　an　agitation　over　the　question　of　the　extension　of　slavery　in　the　States。　With　great　zest　he　threw　himself　into　the　discussion；　making　use　of　the　newspapers　in　Missouri　and　Illinois。　Having　lost　his　property；　he　returned　poverty…stricken　to　Ohio；　where　he　founded　in　January；　1821；　the　Genius　of　Universal　Emancipation。　A　few　months　later　he　transferred　his　paper　to　the　more　congenial　atmosphere　of　Jonesborough；　Tennessee；　but　in　1824　he　went　to　Baltimore；　Maryland。　In　the　meantime；　Lundy　had　become　much　occupied　in　traveling；　lecturing；　and　organizing　societies　for　the　promotion　of　the　cause　of　abolition。　He　states　that　during　the　ten　years　previous　to　1830　he　had　traveled　upwards　of　twenty…five　thousand　miles；　five　thousand　of　which　were　on　foot。　He　now　became　interested　in　plans　for　colonizing　negroes　in　other　countries　as　an　aid　to　emancipation；　though　he　himself　had　no　confidence　in　the　colonization　society　and　its　scheme　of　deportation　to　Africa。　After　leading　a　few　negroes　to　Hayti　in　1829；　he　visited　Canada；　Texas；　and　Mexico　with　a　similar　plan　in　view。　During　a　trip　through　the　Middle　States　and　New　England　in　1828；　Lundy　met　William　Lloyd　Garrison；　and　the　following　year　he　walked　all　the　way　from　Baltimore　to　Bennington；　Vermont；　for　the　express　purpose　of　securing　the　assistance　of　the　youthful　reformer　as　coeditor　of　his　paper。　Garrison　had　previously　favored　colonization；　but　within　the　few　weeks　which　elapsed　before　he　joined　Lundy；　he　repudiated　all　forms　of　colonization　and　advocated　immediate　and　unconditional　emancipation。　He　at　once　told　Lundy　of　his　change　of　views。　〃Well；〃　said　Lundy；　〃thee　may　put　thy　initials　to　thy　articles；　and　I　will　put　my　witness　to　mine；　and　each　will　bear　his　own　burden。〃　The　two　editors　were；　however；　in　complete　accord　in　their　opposition　to　the　slave…trade。　Lundy　had　suffered　a　dangerous　assault　at　the　hands　of　a　Baltimore　slave…trader　before　he　was　joined　by　Garrison。　During　the　year　1830；　Garrison　was　convicted　of　libel　and　thrown　into　prison　on　account　of　his　scathing　denunciation　of　Francis　Todd　of　Massachusetts；　the　owner　of　a　vessel　engaged　in　the　slave…trade。　These　events　brought　to　a　crisis　the　publication　of　the　Genius　of　Universal　Emancipation。　The　editors　now　parted　company。　Again　Lundy　moved　the　office　of　the　paper；　this　time　to　Washington；　D。C。；　but　it　soon　became　a　peripatetic　monthly；　printed　wherever　the　editor　chanced　to　be。　In　1836　Lundy　began　the　issue　of　an　anti…slavery　paper　in　Philadelphia；　called　the　National　Inquirer；　and　with　this　was　merged　the　Genius　of　Universal　Emancipation。　He　was　preparing　to　resume　the　issue　of　his　original　paper　under　the　old　title；　in　La　Salle　County；　Illinois；　when　he　was　overtaken　by　death　on　August　22；　1839。　Here　was　a　man　without　education；　without　wealth；　of　a　slight　frame；　not　at　all　robust；　who　had　undertaken；　singlehanded　and　without　the　shadow　of　a　doubt　of　his　ultimate　success；　to　abolish　American　slavery。　He　began　the　organization　of　societies　which　were　to　displace　the　anti…slavery　societies　of　the　previous　century。　He　established　the　first　paper　devoted　exclusively　to　the　cause　of　emancipation。　He　fo