titution。　The　cause　of　emancipation　was　already　advocated　by　the　Society　of　Friends　and　some　other　sects。　A　majority　of　the　States　adopted　measures　for　the　gradual　abolition　of　slavery；　but　in　other　cases　there　proved　to　be　industrial　barriers　to　emancipation。　Slaves　were　found　to　be　profitably　employed　in　clearing　away　the　forests；　they　were　not　profitably　employed　in　general　agriculture。　A　marked　exception　was　found　in　small　districts　in　the　Carolinas　and　Georgia　where　indigo　and　rice　were　produced；　and　though　cotton　later　became　a　profitable　crop　for　slave　labor；　it　was　the　producers　of　rice　and　indigo　who　furnished　the　original　barrier　to　the　immediate　extension　of　the　policy　of　emancipation。　Representatives　from　their　States　secured　the　introduction　of　a　clause　into　the　Constitution　which　delayed　for　twenty　years　the　execution　of　the　will　of　the　country　against　the　African　slave…trade。　It　is　said　that　a　slave　imported　from　Africa　paid　for　himself　in　a　single　year　in　the　production　of　rice。　There　were　thus　a　few　planters　in　Georgia　and　the　Carolinas　who　had　an　obvious　interest　in　the　prolongation　of　the　institution　of　slavery　and　who　had　influence　enough；　to　secure　constitutional　recognition　for　both　slavery　and　the　slave…trade。　The　principles　involved　were　not　seriously　debated。　In　theory　all　were　abolitionists；　in　practice　slavery　extended　to　all　the　States。　In　some；　actual　abolition　was　comparatively　easy；　in　others；　it　was　difficult。　By　the　end　of　the　first　quarter　of　the　nineteenth　century；　actual　abolition　had　extended　to　the　line　separating　Pennsylvania　from　Maryland。　Of　the　original　thirteen　States　seven　became　free　and　six　remained　slave。　The　absence　of　ardent　or　prolonged　debate　upon　this　issue　in　the　early　history　of　the　United　States　is　easily　accounted　for。　No　principle　of　importance　was　drawn　into　the　controversy；　few　presumed　to　defend　slavery　as　a　just　or　righteous　institution。　As　to　conduct；　each　individual；　each　neighborhood　enjoyed　the　freedom　of　a　large；　roomy　country。　Even　within　state　lines　there　was　liberty　enough。　No　keen　sense　of　responsibility　for　a　uniform　state　policy　existed。　It　was　therefore　not　difficult　for　those　who　were　growing　wealthy　by　the　use　of　imported　negroes　to　maintain　their　privileges　in　the　State。　If　the　sense　of　active　responsibility　was　wanting　within　the　separate　States；　much　more　was　this　true　of　the　citizens　of　different　States。　Slavery　was　regarded　as　strictly　a　domestic　institution。　Families　bought　and　owned　slaves　as　a　matter　of　individual　preference。　None　of　the　original　colonies　or　States　adopted　slavery　by　law。　The　citizens　of　the　various　colonies　became　slaveholders　simply　because　there　was　no　law　against　it。*　The　abolition　of　slavery　was　at　first　an　individual　matter　or　a　church　or　a　state　policy。　When　the　Constitution　was　formulated；　the　separate　States　had　been　accustomed　to　regard　themselves　as　possessed　of　sovereign　powers；　hence　there　was　no　occasion　for　the　citizens　of　one　State　to　have　a　sense　of　responsibility　on　account　of　the　domestic　institutions　of　other　States。　The　consciousness　of　national　responsibility　was　of　slow　growth；　and　the　conditions　did　not　then　exist　which　favored　a　general　crusade　against　slavery　or　a　prolonged　acrimonious　debate　on　the　subject；　such　as　arose　forty　years　later。　*　In　the　case　of　Georgia　there　was　a　prohibitory　law；　which　was　disregarded。　In　many　of　the　States；　however；　there　were　organized　abolition　societies；　whose　object　was　to　promote　the　cause　of　emancipation　already　in　progress　and　to　protect　the　rights　of　free　negroes。　The　Friends；　or　Quakers；　were　especially　active　in　the　promotion　of　a　propaganda　for　universal　emancipation。　A　petition　which　was　presented　to　the　first　Congress　in　February；　1790；　with　the　signature　of　Benjamin　Franklin　as　President　of　the　Pennsylvania　Abolition　Society；　contained　this　concluding　paragraph　〃From　a　persuasion　that　equal　liberty　was　originally；　and　is　still；　the　birthright　of　all　men；　and　influenced　by　the　strong　ties　of　humanity　and　the　principles　of　their　institutions；　your　memorialists　conceive　themselves　bound　to　use　all　justifiable　endeavors　to　loosen　the　bonds　of　slavery；　and　to　promote　the　general　enjoyment　of　the　blessings　of　freedom。　Under　these　impressions　they　earnestly　entreat　your　attention　to　the　subject　of　slavery；　that　you　will　be　pleased　to　countenance　the　restoration　to　liberty　of　those　unhappy　men；　who；　alone；　in　this　land　of　freemen；　are　groaning　in　servile　subjection；　that　you　will　devise　means　for　removing　this　inconsistency　of　character　from　the　American　people；　that　you　will　promote　mercy　and　justice　towards　this　distressed　race；　and　that　you　will　step　to　the　very　verge　of　the　power　vested　in　you　for　discouraging　every　species　of　traffic　in　the　persons　of　our　fellowmen。〃*　*　William　Goodell；　〃Slavery　and　Anti…Slavery；〃　p。　99。　The　memorialists　were　treated　with　profound　respect。　Cordial　support　and　encouragement　came　from　representatives　from　Virginia　and　other　slave　States。　Opposition　was　expressed　by　members　from　South　Carolina　and　Georgia。　These　for　the　most　part　relied　upon　their　constitutional　guaranties。　But　for　these　guaranties；　said　Smith；　of　South　Carolina；　his　State　would　not　have　entered　the　Union。　In　the　extreme　utterances　in　opposition　to　the　petition　there　is　a　suggestion　of　the　revolution　which　was　to　occur　forty　years　later。　Active　abolitionists　who　gave　time　and　money　to　the　promotion　of　the　cause　were　always　few　in　numbers。　Previous　to　1830　abolition　societies　resembled　associations　for　the　prevention　of　cruelty　to　animalsin　fact；　in　one　instance　at　least　this　was　made　one　of　the　professed　objects。　These　societies　labored　to　induce　men　to　act　in　harmony　with　generally　acknowledged　obligations；　and　they　had　no　occasion　for　violence　or　persecution。　Abolitionists　were　distinguished　for　their　benevolence　and　their　unselfish　devotion　to　the　interests　of　the　needy　and　the　unfortunate。　It　was　only　when　the　ruling　classes　resorted　to　mob　violence　and　began　to　defend　slavery　as　a　divinely　ordained　institution　that　there　was　a　radical　change　in　the　spirit　of　the　controversy。　The　irrepressible　conflict　between　liberty　and　despotism　which　has　persisted　in　all　ages　became　manifest　when　slave…masters　substituted　the　Greek　doctrine　of　inequality　and　slavery　for　the　previously　accepted　Christian　doctrine　of　equality　and　universal　brotherhood。
  CHAPTER　II。　THE　GEOGRAPHY　OF　THE　CRUSADE　It　was　a　mere　accident　that　the　line　drawn　by　Mason　and　Dixon　between　Pennsylvania　and　Maryland　became　known　in　later　years　as　the　dividing　line　between　slavery　and　freedom。　The　six　States　south　of　that　line　ultimately　neglected　or　refused　to　abolish　slavery；　while　the　seven　Northern　States　became　free。　Vermont　became　a　State　in　1791　and　Kentucky　in　1792。　The　third　State　to　be　added　to　the　original　thirteen　was　Tennessee　in　1796。　At　that　time；　counting　the　States　as　they　were　finally　classified；　eight　were　destined　to　be　slave　and　eight　free。　Ohio　entered　the　Union　as　a　State　in　1802；　thus　giving　to　the　free　States　a　majority　of　one。　The　balance；　however；　was　restored　in　1812　by　the　admission　of　Louisiana　as　a　slave　State。　The　admission　of　Indiana　in　1816　on　the　one　side　and　of　Mississippi　in　1817　on　the　other　still　maintained　the　balance：　ten　free　States　stood　against　ten　slave　States。　During　the　next　two　years　Illinois　and　Alabama　were　admitted；　making　twenty…two　States　in　all；　still　evenly　divided。　The　ordinance　for　the　government　of　the　territory　north　of　the　Ohio　River；　passed　in　1787　and　reenacted　by　Congress　after　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution；　proved　to　be　an　act　of　great　significance　in　its　relation　to　the　limitation　of　slavery。　By　this　ordinance　slavery　was　forever　prohibited　in　the　Northwest　Territory。　In　the　territory　south　of　the　Ohio　River　slavery　became　permanently　established。　The　river；　therefore；　became　an　extension　of　the　original　Mason　and　Dixon's　Line　with　the　new　meaning　attached：　it　became　a　division　between　free　and　slave　territory。　It　was　apparently　at　first　a　mere　matter　of　chance　that　a　balance　was　struck　between　the　two　losses　of　States。　While　Virginia　remained　a　slave　State；　it　was　natural　that　slavery　should　extend　into　Kentucky；　which　had　been　a　part　of　Virginia。　Likewise　Tennessee；　being　a　part　of　North　Carolina；　became　slave　territory。　When　these　two　Territories　became　slave　States；　the　equal　division　began。　There　was　yet　an　abundance　of　territory　both　north　and　south　to　be　taken　into　the　Union　and；　without　any　special　plan　or　agitation；　States　were　admitted　in　pairs；　one　free　and　the　other　slave。　In　the　meantime　there　was　distinctly　developed　the　idea　of　the　possible　or　probable　permanence　of　slavery　in　the　South　and　of　a　rivalry　or　even　a　future　conflict　between　the　two　sections。　When　in　1819　Missouri　applied　for　admission　to　the　Union　with　a　state　constitution　permitting　slavery；　there　was　a　prolonged　debate　over　the　whole　question；　not　only　in　Congress　but　throughout　the　entire　country。　North　and　South　were　distinctly　pitted　against　each　other　with　rival　systems　of　labor。　The　following　year　Congress　passed　a　law　providing　for　the　admission　of　Missouri；　but；　to　restore　the　balance；　Maine　was　separated　from　Massachusetts　and　was　admitted　to　the　Union　as　a　St