the　authority　of　the　Scriptures　was　weakened；　and　these
  rationalistsand　the　land　of　Luther　became　full　of　themhave　gone
  infinitely　beyond　the　Catholics　in　undermining　the　Bible。　　The
  Catholics　never　have　taken　such　bold　ground　as　the　rationalists
  respecting　the　Scriptures。　　The　Catholic　Church　still　accepts　the
  Bible；　but　explains　away　the　meaning　of　many　of　its　doctrines；　the
  rationalists　would　sweep　away　its　divine　authority；　extinguish
  faith；　and　leave　the　world　in　night。　　Satan　came　into　the
  theological　school　of　the　Protestants；　disguised　in　the　robes　of
  learned　doctors　searching　for　truth；　and　took　away　the　props　of
  religious　faith。　　This　was　worse　than　baptizing　repentance　with　the
  name　of　penance。　　Better　have　irrational　fears　of　hell　than　no
  fears　at　all；　for　this　latter　is　Paganism。　　Pagan　culture　and　Pagan
  philosophy　could　not　keep　society　together　in　the　old　Roman　world；
  but　Mediaeval　appeals　to　the　fears　of　men　did　keep　them　from　crimes
  and　force　upon　them　virtues。
  The　triumph　of　Luther　at　Leipsic　was；　however；　incomplete。　　The
  Catholics　rallied　after　their　stunning　blow。　　They　said；　in
  substance：　〃We；　too；　accept　the　Scriptures；　we　even　put　them　above
  Augustine　and　Thomas　Aquinas　and　the　councils。　　But　who　can
  interpret　them？　　Can　peasants　and　women；　or　even　merchants　and
  nobles？　　The　Bible；　though　inspired；　is　full　of　difficulties；　there
  are　contradictory　texts。　　It　is　a　sealed　book；　except　to　the
  learned；　only　the　Church　can　reconcile　its　difficulties。　　And　what
  we　mean　by　the　Church　is　the　clergy；the　learned　clergy；
  acknowledging　allegiance　to　their　spiritual　head；　who　in　matters　of
  faith　is　also　infallible。　　We　can　accept　nothing　which　is　not
  indorsed　by　popes　and　councils。　　No　matter　how　plain　the　Scriptures
  seem　to　be；　on　certain　disputed　points　only　the　authority　of　the
  Church　can　enlighten　and　instruct　us。　　We　distrust　reason；that
  is；　what　you　call　reason；for　reason　can　twist　anything；　and
  pervert　it；　but　what　the　Church　says；　is　true；its　collective
  intelligence　is　our　supreme　law　＇thus　putting　papal　dogmas　above
  reason；　above　the　literal　and　plain　declarations　of　Scripture＇。
  Moreover；　since　the　Scriptures　are　to　be　interpreted　only　by
  priests；　it　is　not　a　safe　book　for　the　people。　　We；　the　priests；
  will　keep　it　out　of　their　hands。　　They　will　get　notions　from　it
  fatal　to　our　authority；　they　will　become　fanatics：　they　will；　in
  their　conceit；　defy　us。
  Then　Luther　rose；　more　powerful；　more　eloquent　more　majestic　than
  before；　he　rose　superior　to　himself。　　〃What；〃　said　he；　〃keep　the
  light　of　life　from　the　people；　take　away　their　guide　to　heaven；
  keep　them　in　ignorance　of　what　is　most　precious　and　most　exalting；
  deprive　them　of　the　blessed　consolations　which　sustain　the　soul　in
  trial　and　in　death；　deny　the　most　palpable　truths；　because　your
  dignitaries　put　on　them　a　construction　to　bolster　up　their　power！
  What　an　abomination！　what　treachery　to　heaven！　what　peril　to　the
  souls　of　men！　　Besides；　your　authorities　differ。　　Augustine　takes
  different　ground　from　Pelagius；　Bernard　from　Abelard；　Thomas
  Aquinas　from　Dun　Scotus。　　Have　not　your　grand　councils　given
  contradictory　decisions？　　Whom　shall　we　believe？　　Yea；　the　popes
  themselves；　your　infallible　guides；have　they　not　at　different
  times　rendered　different　decisions？　　What　would　Gregory　I。　say　to
  the　verdicts　of　Gregory　VII。？
  〃No；　the　Scriptures　are　the　legacy　of　the　early　Church　to　universal
  humanity；　they　are　the　equal　and　treasured　inheritance　of　all
  nations　and　tribes　and　kindreds　upon　the　face　of　the　earth；　and
  will　be　till　the　day　of　judgment。　　It　was　intended　that　they　should
  be　diffused；　and　that　every　one　should　read　them；　and　interpret
  them　each　for　himself；　for　he　has　a　soul　to　save；　and　he　dare　not
  intrust　such　a　precious　thing　as　his　soul　into　the　keeping　of
  selfish　and　ambitious　priests。　　Take　away　the　Bible　from　a　peasant；
  or　a　woman；　or　any　layman；　and　cannot　the　priest；　armed　with　the
  terrors　and　the　frauds　of　the　Middle　Ages；　shut　up　his　soul　in　a
  gloomy　dungeon；　as　noisome　and　funereal　as　your　Mediaeval　crypts？
  And　will　you；　ye　boasted　intellectual　guides　of　the　people；
  extinguish　reason　in　this　world　in　reference　to　the　most　momentous
  interests？　　What　other　guide　has　a　man　but　his　reason？　　And　you
  would　prevent　this　very　reason　from　being　enlightened　by　the
  Gospel！　　You　would　obscure　reason　itself　by　your　traditions；　O　ye
  blind　leaders　of　the　blind！　　O　ye　legal　and　technical　men；
  obscuring　the　light　of　truth！　　O　ye　miserable　Pharisees；　ye　bigots；
  ye　selfish　priests；　tenacious　of　your　power；　your　inventions；　your
  traditions；will　ye　withhold　the　free　redemption；　God's　greatest
  boon；　salvation　by　the　blood　of　Christ；　offered　to　all　the　world？
  Yea；　will　you　suffer　the　people　to　perish；　soul　and　body；　because
  you　fear　that；　instructed　by　God　himself；　they　will　rebel　against
  your　accursed　despotism？　　Have　you　considered　what　a　mighty　crime
  you　thus　commit　against　God；　against　man？　　Ye　rule　by　an　infernal
  appeal　to　the　superstitious　fears　of　men；　but　how　shall　ye
  yourselves；　for　such　crimes；　escape　the　damnation　of　that　hell　into
  which　you　would　push　your　victims　unless　they　obey　YOU？
  〃No；　I　say；　let　the　Scriptures　be　put　into　the　hands　of　everybody；
  let　every　one　interpret　them　for　himself；　according　to　the　light　he
  has；　let　there　be　private　judgment；　let　spiritual　liberty　be
  revived；　as　in　Apostolic　days。　　Then　only　will　the　people　be
  emancipated　from　the　Middle　Ages；　and　arise　in　their　power　and
  majesty；　and　obey　the　voice　of　enlightened　conscience；　and　be　true
  to　their　convictions；　and　practise　the　virtues　which　Christianity
  commands；　and　obey　God　rather　than　man；　and　defy　all　sorts　of
  persecution　and　martyrdom；　having　a　serene　faith　in　those　blessed
  promises　which　the　Gospel　unfolds。　　Then　will　the　people　become
  great；　after　the　conflicts　of　generations；　and　put　under　their　feet
  the　mockeries　and　lies　and　despotisms　which　grind　them　to　despair。〃
  Thus　was　born　the　third　great　idea　of　the　Reformation；　out　of
  Luther's　brain；　a　logical　sequence　from　the　first　idea；the　right
  of　private　judgment；　religious　liberty；　call　it　what　you　will；　a
  great　inspiration　which　in　after　times　was　destined　to　march
  triumphantly　over　battle…fields；　and　give　dignity　and　power　to　the
  people；　and　lead　to　the　reception　of　great　truths　obscured　by
  priests　for　one　thousand　years；　the　motive　of　an　irresistible
  popular　progress；　planting　England　with　Puritans；　and　Scotland　with
  heroes；　and　France　with　martyrs；　and　North　America　with　colonists；
  yea；　kindling　a　fervid　religions　life；　creating　such　men　as　Knox
  and　Latimer　and　Taylor　and　Baxter　and　Howe；　who　owed　their
  greatness　to　the　study　of　the　Scriptures；at　last　put　into　every
  hand；　and　scattered　far　and　wide；　even　to　India　and　China。　　Can
  anybody　doubt　the　marvellous　progress　of　Protestant　nations　in
  consequence　of　the　translation　and　circulation　of　the　Scriptures？
  How　these　are　bound　up　with　their　national　life；　and　all　their
  social　habits；　and　all　their　religious　aspirations；　how　they　have
  elevated　the　people；　ten　hundred　millions　of　times　more　than　the
  boasted　Renaissance　which　sprang　from　apostate　and　infidel　and
  Pagan　Italy；　when　she　dug　up　the　buried　statues　of　Greece　and　Rome；
  and　revived　the　literature　and　arts　which　soften；　but　do　not　save
  for　private　judgment　and　religious　liberty　mean　nothing　more　and
  nothing　less　than　the　unrestricted　perusal　of　the　Scriptures　as　the
  guide　of　life。
  This　right　of　private　judgment；　on　which　Luther　was　among　the　first
  to　insist；　and　of　which　certainly　he　was　the　first　great　champion
  in　Europe；　was　in　that　age　a　very　bold　idea；　as　well　as　original。
  It　flattered　as　well　as　stimulated　the　intellect　of　the　people；　and
  gave　them　dignity；　it　gave　to　the　Reformation　its　popular
  character；　it　appealed　to　the　mind　and　heart　of　Christendom。　　It
  gave　consolation　to　the　peasantry　of　Europe；　for　no　family　was　too
  poor　to　possess　a　Bible；　the　greatest　possible　boon　and　treasure；
  read　and　pondered　in　the　evening；　after　hard　labors　and　bitter
  insults；　read　aloud　to　the　family　circle；　with　its　inexhaustible
  store　of　moral　wealth；　its　beautiful　and　touching　narratives；　its
  glorious　poetry；　its　awful　prophecies；　its　supernal　counsels；　its
  consoling　and　emancipating　truths；so　tender　and　yet　so　exalting；
  raising　the　soul　above　the　grim　trials　of　toil　and　poverty　into　the
  realms　of　seraphic　peace　and　boundless　joy。　　The　Bible　even　gave
  hope　to　heretics。　　All　sects　and　parties　could　take　shelter　under
  it；　all　could　stand　on　the　broad　platform　of　religion；　and　survey
  from　it　the　wonders　and　glories　of　God。　　At　last　men　might　even
  differ　on　important　points　of　doctrine　and　worship；　and　yet　be
  Protestants。　　Religious　liberty　became　as　wide　in　its　application
  as　the　unity　of　the　Church。　　It　might　create　sects；　but　those　sects
  would　be　all　united　as　to　the　value　of　the　Scriptures　and　thei