autonomy　of　towns　on　which　the　political　structure　of　new　England
  rested。　　In　them　was　born　that　true　representative　government　which
  has　gradually　spread　towards　the　West。　　The　colonies　were　embryo
  States；States　afterwards　to　be　bound　together　by　a　stronger　tie
  than　that　of　a　league。　　The　New　England　States；　after　the　war　of
  independence；　were　the　defenders　and　advocates　of　a　federal　and
  central　power。　　An　entirely　new　political　organization　was
  gradually　formed；　resting　equally　on　such　pillars　as　independent
  townships　and　independent　States；　and　these　represented　by
  delegates　in　a　national　centre。
  So　we　believe　America　was　discovered；　not　so　much　to　furnish　a
  field　for　indefinite　material　expansion；　with　European　arts　and
  fashions；which　would　simply　assimilate　America　to　the　Old　World；
  with　all　its　dangers　and　vices　and　follies；but　to　introduce　new
  forms　of　government；　new　social　institutions；　new　customs　and
  manners；　new　experiments　in　liberty；　new　religious　organizations；
  new　modes　to　ameliorate　the　necessary　evils　of　life。　　It　was
  discovered　that　men　might　labor　and　enjoy　the　fruits　of　industry　in
  a　new　mode；　unfettered　by　the　restraints　which　the　institutions　of
  Europe　imposed。　　America　is　a　new　field　in　which　to　try　experiments
  in　government　and　social　life；　which　cannot　be　tried　in　the　older
  nations　without　sweeping　and　dangerous　revolutions；　and　new
  institutions　have　arisen　which　are　our　pride　and　boast；　and　which
  are　the　wonder　and　admiration　of　Europe。　　America　is　the　only
  country　under　the　sun　in　which　there　is　self…government；a
  government　which　purely　represents　the　wishes　of　the　people；　where
  universal　suffrage　is　not　a　mockery。　　And　if　America　has　a　destiny
  to　fulfil　for　other　nations；　she　must　give　them　something　more
  valuable　than　reaping　machines；　palace　cars；　and　horse　railroads。
  She　must　give；　not　only　machinery　to　abridge　labor；　but
  institutions　and　ideas　to　expand　the　mind　and　elevate　the　soul；
  something　by　which　the　poor　can　rise　and　assert　their　rights。
  Unless　something　is　developed　here　which　cannot　be　developed　in
  other　countries；　in　the　way　of　new　spiritual　and　intellectual
  forces；　which　have　a　conservative　influence；　then　I　cannot　see　how
  America　can　long　continue　to　be　the　home　and　refuge　of　the　poor　and
  miserable　of　other　lands。　　A　new　and　better　spirit　must　vivify
  schools　and　colleges　and　philanthropic　enterprises　than　that　which
  has　prevailed　in　older　nations。　　Unless　something　new　is　born　here
  which　has　a　peculiar　power　to　save；　wherein　will　America　ultimately
  differ　from　other　parts　of　Christendom？　　We　must　have　schools　in
  which　the　heart　as　well　as　the　brain　is　educated；　and　newspapers
  which　aspire　to　something　higher　than　to　fan　prejudices　and　appeal
  to　perverted　tastes。　　Our　hope　is　not　in　books　which　teach
  infidelity　under　the　name　of　science；　nor　in　pulpits　which　cannot
  be　sustained　without　sensational　oratory；　nor　in　journals　which
  trade　on　the　religious　sentiments　of　the　people；　nor　in　Sabbath…
  school　books　which　are　an　insult　to　the　human　understanding；　nor　in
  colleges　which　fit　youth　merely　for　making　money；　nor　in　schools　of
  technology　to　give　an　impulse　to　material　interests；　nor　in
  legislatures　controlled　by　monopolists；　nor　in　judges　elected　by
  demagogues；　nor　in　philanthropic　societies　to　ventilate　unpractical
  theories。　　These　will　neither　renovate　nor　conserve　what　is　most
  precious　in　life。　　Unless　a　nation　grows　morally　as　well　as
  materially；　there　is　something　wrong　at　the　core　of　society。　　As　I
  have　said；　no　material　expansion　will　avail；　if　society　becomes
  rotten　at　the　core。　　America　is　a　glorious　boon　to　civilization；
  but　only　as　she　fulfils　a　new　mission　in　history；not　to　become
  more　potent　in　material　forces；　but　in　those　spiritual　agencies
  which　prevent　corruption　and　decay。　　An　infidel　professor；　calling
  himself　a　savant；　may　tell　you　that　there　is　nothing　certain　or
  great　but　in　the　direction　of　science　to　utilities；　even　as　he　may
  glory　in　a　philosophy　which　ignores　a　creator　and　takes　cognizance
  only　of　a　creation。
  As　I　survey　the　growing　and　enormous　moral　evils　which　degrade
  society；　here　as　everywhere；　in　spite　of　Bunker　Hills　and　Plymouth
  Rocks；　and　all　the　windy　declamations　of　politicians　and
  philanthropists；　and　all　the　advance　in　useful　mechanisms；　I　am
  sometimes　tempted　to　propound　inquiries　which　suggest　the　old；
  mournful　story　of　the　decline　and　ruin　of　States　and　Empires。　　I
  ask　myself；　Why　should　America　be　an　exception　to　the　uniform　fate
  of　nations；　as　history　has　demonstrated？　　Why　should　not　good
  institutions　be　perverted　here；　as　in　all　other　countries　and　ages
  of　the　world？　　Where　has　civilization　shown　any　striking　triumphs；
  except　in　inventions　to　abridge　the　labors　of　mankind　and　make　men
  comfortable　and　rich？　　Is　there　nothing　before　us；　then；　but　the
  triumphs　of　material　life；　to　end　as　mournfully　as　the　materialism
  of　antiquity？　　If　so；　then　Christianity　is　a　most　dismal　failure；
  is　a　defeated　power；　like　all　other　forms　of　religion　which　failed
  to　save。　　But　is　it　a　failure？　　Are　we　really　swinging　back　to
  Paganism？　　Is　the　time　to　be　hailed　when　all　religions　will　be
  considered　by　the　philosopher　as　equally　false　and　equally　useful？
  Is　there　nothing　more　cheerful　for　us　to　contemplate　than　what　the
  old　Pagan　philosophy　holds　out；man　destined　to　live　like　brutes
  or　butterflies；　and　pass　away　into　the　infinity　of　time　and　space；
  like　inert　matter；　decomposed；　absorbed；　and　entering　into　new　and
  everlasting　combinations？　　Is　America　to　become　like　Europe　and
  Asia　in　all　essential　elements　of　life？　　Has　she　no　other　mission
  than　to　add　to　perishable　glories？　　Is　she　to　teach　the　world
  nothing　new　in　education　and　philanthropy　and　government？　　Are　all
  her　struggles　in　behalf　of　liberty　in　vain？
  We　all　know　that　Christianity　is　the　only　hope　of　the　world。　　The
  question　is；　whether　America　is　or　is　not　more　favorable　for　its
  healthy　developments　and　applications　than　the　other　countries　of
  Christendom　are。　　We　believe　that　it　is。　　If　it　is　not；　then
  America　is　only　a　new　field　for　the　spread　and　triumph　of　material
  forces。　　If　it　is；　we　may　look　forward　to　such　improvements　in
  education；　in　political　institutions；　in　social　life；　in　religious
  organizations；　in　philanthropical　enterprise；　that　the　country　will
  be　sought　by　the　poor　and　enslaved　classes　of　Europe　more　for　its
  moral　and　intellectual　advantages　than　for　its　mines　or　farms；　the
  objects　of　the　Puritan　settlers　will　be　gained；　and　the　grandeur　of
  the　discovery　of　a　New　World　will　be　established。
  〃What　sought　they　thus　afar？
  Bright　jewels　of　the　mine？
  The　wealth　of　seas；the　spoils　of　war？
  They　sought　for　Faith's　pure　shrine。
  Ay；　call　it　holy　ground；
  The　soil　where　first　they　trod；
  They've　left　unstained　what　there　they　found；
  Freedom　to　worship　God。〃
  AUTHORITIES。
  Prescott's　Ferdinand　and　Isabella；　Washington　Irving；　Cabot's
  Voyages；　and　other　early　navigators；　Columbus；　by　De　Costa；　Life　of
  Columbus；　by　Bossi　and　Spatono；　Relations　de　Quatre　voyage　par
  Christopher　Colomb；　Drake's　World　Encompassed；　Murray's　Historical
  Account　of　Discoveries；　Hernando；　Historia　del　Amirante；　History　of
  Commerce；　Lives　of　Pizarro　and　Cortes；　Frobisher's　Voyages；
  Histories　of　Herrera；　Las　Casas；　Gomera；　and　Peter　Martyr；
  Navarrete's　Collections；　Memoir　of　Cabot；　by　Richard　Biddle；
  Hakluyt's　Voyages；　Dr。　Lardner's　Cyclopaedia；History　of　Maritime
  and　Inland　Discovery；　Anderson's　History　of　Commerce；　Oviedo's
  General　History　of　the　West　Indies；　History　of　the　New　World；　by
  Geronimo　Benzoni；　Goodrich's　Life　of　Christopher　Columbus。
  SAVONAROLA。
  A。　D。　1452…1498。
  UNSUCCESSFUL　REFORMS。
  This　lecture　is　intended　to　set　forth　a　memorable　movement　in　the
  Roman　Catholic　Church；a　reformation　of　morals；　preceding　the
  greater　movement　of　Luther　to　produce　a　reformation　of　both　morals
  and　doctrines。　　As　the　representative　of　this　movement　I　take
  Savonarola；　concerning　whom　much　has　of　late　been　written；　more；　I
  think；　because　he　was　a　Florentine　in　a　remarkable　age；the　age　of
  artists　and　of　reviving　literature；than　because　he　was　a　martyr；
  battling　with　evils　which　no　one　man　was　capable　of　removing。　　His
  life　was　more　a　protest　than　a　victory。　　He　was　an　unsuccessful
  reformer；　and　yet　he　prepared　the　way　for　that　religious　revival
  which　afterward　took　place　in　the　Catholic　Church　itself。　　His
  spirit　was　not　revolutionary；　like　that　of　the　Saxon　monk；　and　yet
  it　was　progressive。　　His　soul　was　in　active　sympathy　with　every
  emancipating　idea　of　his　age。　　He　was　the　incarnation　of　a　fervid；
  living；　active　piety　amid　forms　and　formulas；　a　fearless　exposer　of
  all　shams；　an　uncompromising　enemy　to　the　blended　atheism　and
  idolatry　of　his　ungodly　age。　　He　was　the　contemporary　of　political；
  worldly；　warlike；　u