chivalry；　while　delighting　in　martial　sports；　and　hence　masculine
  and　haughty；　is　also　condescending；　tender；　and　gracious。　　The
  heroic　and　dignified　self…respect　with　which　chivalry　invested
  woman　exalted　the　passion　of　love。　　Allied　with　reverence　for　woman
  was　loyalty　to　the　prince。　　The　rough　warrior　again　becomes　a
  gentleman；　and　has　access　to　the　best　society。　　Whatever　may　have
  been　the　degrees　of　rank；　the　haughtiest　nobleman　associated　with
  the　penniless　knight；　if　only　he　were　a　gentleman　and　well　born；　on
  terms　of　social　equality；　since　chivalry；　while　it　created
  distinctions；　also　levelled　those　which　wealth　and　power　naturally
  created　among　the　higher　class。　　Yet　chivalry　did　not　exalt　woman
  outside　of　noble　ranks。　　The　plebeian　woman　neither　has　the　graces
  of　the　high…born　lady；　nor　does　she　excite　that　reverence　for　the
  sex　which　marked　her　condition　in　the　feudal　castle。　　〃Tournaments
  and　courts　of　love　were　not　framed　for　village　churls；　but　for
  high…born　dames　and　mighty　earls。〃
  Chaucer　in　his　description　of　women　in　ordinary　life　does　not　seem
  to　have　a　very　high　regard　for　them。　　They　are　weak　or　coarse　or
  sensual；　though　attentive　to　their　domestic　duties；　and　generally
  virtuous。　　An　exception　is　made　of　Virginia；　in　the　doctor's　tale；
  who　is　represented　as　beautiful　and　modest；　radiant　in　simplicity；
  discreet　and　true。　　But　the　wife　of　Bath　is　disgusting　from　her
  coarse　talk　and　coarser　manners。　　Her　tale　is　to　show　what　a　woman
  likes　best；　which；　according　to　her；　is　to　bear　rule　over　her
  husband　and　household。　　The　prioress　is　conventional　and　weak；
  aping　courtly　manners。　　The　wife　of　the　host　of　the　Tabard　inn　is　a
  vixen　and　shrew；　who　calls　her　husband　a　milk…sop；　and　is　so
  formidable　with　both　her　tongue　and　her　hands　that　he　is　glad　to
  make　his　escape　from　her　whenever　he　can。　　The　pretty　wife　of　the
  carpenter；　gentle　and　slender；　with　her　white　apron　and　open　dress；
  is　anything　but　intellectual；a　mere　sensual　beauty。　　Most　of
  these　women　are　innocent　of　toothbrushes；　and　give　and　receive
  thrashings；　and　sing　songs　without　a　fastidious　taste；　and　beat
  their　servants　and　nag　their　husbands。　　But　they　are　good　cooks；
  and　understand　the　arts　of　brewing　and　baking　and　roasting　and
  preserving　and　pickling；　as　well　as　of　spinning　and　knitting　and
  embroidering。　　They　are　supreme　in　their　households；　they　keep　the
  keys　and　lock　up　the　wine。　　They　are　gossiping；　and　love　to　receive
  their　female　visitors。　　They　do　not　do　much　shopping；　for　shops
  were　very　primitive；　with　but　few　things　to　sell。　　Their　knowledge
  is　very　limited；　and　confined　to　domestic　matters。　　They　are　on　the
  whole　modest；　but　are　the　victims　of　friars　and　pedlers。　　They　have
  more　liberty　than　we　should　naturally　suppose；　but　have　not　yet
  learned　to　discriminate　between　duties　and　rights。　　There　are　few
  disputed　questions　between　them　and　their　husbands；　but　the　duty　of
  obedience　seems　to　have　been　recognized。　　But　if　oppressed；　they
  always　are　free　with　their　tongues；　they　give　good　advice；　and　do
  not　spare　reproaches　in　language　which　in　our　times　we　should　not
  call　particularly　choice。　　They　are　all　fond　of　dress；　and　wear　gay
  colors；　without　much　regard　to　artistic　effect。
  In　regard　to　the　sports　and　amusements　of　the　people；　we　learn　much
  from　Chaucer。　　In　one　sense　the　England　of　his　day　was　merry；　that
  is；　the　people　were　noisy　and　rough　in　their　enjoyments。　　There　was
  frequent　ringing　of　the　bells；　there　were　the　horn　of　the　huntsman
  and　the　excitements　of　the　chase；　there　was　boisterous　mirth　in　the
  village　ale…house；　there　were　frequent　holidays；　and　dances　around
  May…poles　covered　with　ribbons　and　flowers　and　flags；　there　were
  wandering　minstrels　and　jesters　and　jugglers；　and　cock…fightings
  and　foot…ball　and　games　at　archery；　there　were　wrestling　matches
  and　morris…dancing　and　bear…baiting。　　But　the　exhilaration　of　the
  people　was　abnormal；　like　the　merriment　of　negroes　on　a　Southern
  plantation；a　sort　of　rebound　from　misery　and　burdens；　which　found
  a　vent　in　noise　and　practical　jokes　when　the　ordinary　restraint　was
  removed。　　The　uproarious　joy　was　a　sort　of　defiance　of　the　semi…
  slavery　to　which　workmen　were　doomed；　for　when　they　could　be
  impressed　by　the　king's　architect　and　paid　whatever　he　chose　to
  give　them；　there　could　not　have　been　much　real　contentment；　which
  is　generally　placid　and　calm。　　There　is　one　thing　in　which　all
  classes　delighted　in　the　fourteenth　century；　and　that　was　a　garden；
  in　which　flowers　bloomed；things　of　beauty　which　were　as　highly
  valued　as　the　useful。　　Moreover；　there　was　a　zest　in　rural　sports
  now　seldom　seen；　especially　among　the　upper　classes　who　could
  afford　to　hunt　and　fish。　　There　was　no　excitement　more　delightful
  to　gentlemen　and　ladies　than　that　of　hawking；　and　it　infinitely
  surpassed　in　interest　any　rural　sport　whatever　in　our　day；　under
  any　circumstances。　　Hawks　trained　to　do　the　work　of　fowling…pieces
  were　therefore　greater　pets　than　any　dogs　that　now　are　the　company
  of　sportsmen。　　A　lady　without　a　falcon　on　her　wrist；　when　mounted
  on　her　richly　caparisoned　steed　for　a　morning's　sport；　was　very
  rare　indeed。
  An　instructive　feature　of　the　〃Canterbury　Tales〃　is　the　view　which
  Chaucer　gives　us　of　the　food　and　houses　and　dresses　of　the　people。
  〃In　the　Nonne's　Prestes'　Tale　we　see　the　cottage　and　manner　of　life
  of　a　poor　widow。〃　　She　has　three　daughters；　three　pigs；　three　oxen；
  and　a　sheep。　　Her　house　had　only　two　rooms；an　eating…room；　which
  also　served　for　a　kitchen　and　sitting…room；　and　a　bower　or
  bedchamber；both　without　a　chimney；　with　holes　pierced　to　let　in
  the　light。　　The　table　was　a　board　put　upon　trestles；　to　be　removed
  when　the　meal　of　black　bread　and　milk；　and　perchance　an　egg　with
  bacon；　was　over。　　The　three　slept　without　sheets　or　blankets　on　a
  rude　bed；　covered　only　with　their　ordinary　day…clothes。　　Their
  kitchen　utensils　were　a　brass　pot　or　two　for　boiling；　a　few　wooden
  platters；　an　iron　candlestick；　and　a　knife　or　two；　while　the
  furniture　was　composed　of　two　or　three　chairs　and　stools；　with　a
  frame　in　the　wall；　with　shelves；　for　clothes　and　utensils。　　The
  manciple　and　the　cook　of　the　company　seem　to　indicate　that　living
  among　the　well…to…do　classes　was　a　very　generous　and　a　very　serious
  part　of　life；　on　which　a　high　estimate　was　placed；　since　food　in
  any　variety；　though　plentiful　at　times；　was　not　always　to　be　had；
  and　therefore　precarious。　　〃Guests　at　table　were　paired；　and　ate；
  every　pair；　out　of　the　same　plate　or　off　the　same　trencher。〃　　But
  the　bill　of　fare　at　a　franklin's　feast　would　be　deemed　anything　but
  poor；　even　in　our　times；〃bacon　and　pea…soup；　oysters；　fish；
  stewed　beef；　chickens；　capons；　roast　goose；　pig；　veal；　lamb；　kid；
  pigeon；　with　custard；　apples　and　pears；　cheese　and　spiced　cakes。〃
  All　these　with　abundance　of　wine　and　ale。
  The　〃Canterbury　Tales〃　remind　us　of　the　vast　preponderance　of　the
  country　over　town　and　city　life。　　Chaucer；　like　Shakspeare；　revels
  in　the　simple　glories　of　nature；　which　he　describes　like　a　man
  feeling　it　to　be　a　joy　to　be　near　to　〃Mother　Earth；〃　with　her　rich
  bounties。　　The　birds　that　usher　in　the　day；　the　flowers　which
  beautify　the　lawn；　the　green　hills　and　vales；　with　ever…changing
  hues　like　the　clouds　and　the　skies；　yet　fruitful　in　wheat　and
  grass；　the　domestic　animals；　so　mute　and　patient；　the　bracing　air
  of　approaching　winter；　the　genial　breezes　of　the　spring；of　all
  these　does　the　poet　sing　with　charming　simplicity　and　grace；　yea；
  in　melodious　numbers；　for　nothing　is　more　marvellous　than　the　music
  and　rhythm　of　his　lines；　although　they　are　not　enriched　with
  learned　allusions　or　much　moral　wisdom；　and　do　not　march　in　the
  stately　and　majestic　measure　of　Shakspeare　or　of　Milton。
  But　the　most　interesting　and　instructive　of　the　〃Canterbury　Tales〃
  are　those　which　relate　to　the　religious　life；　the　morals；　the
  superstitions；　and　ecclesiastical　abuses　of　the　times。　　In　these　we
  see　the　need　of　the　reformation　of　which　Wyclif　was　the　morning
  light。　　In　these　we　see　the　hypocrisies　and　sensualities　of　both
  monks　and　friars；　relieved　somewhat　by　the　virtues　of　the　simple
  parish　priest　or　poor　parson；　in　contrast　with　the　wealth　and
  luxury　of　the　regular　clergy；　as　monks　were　called；　in　their
  princely　monasteries；　where　the　lordly　abbot　vied　with　both　baron
  and　bishop　in　the　magnificence　of　his　ordinary　life。　　We　see　before
  us　the　Mediaeval　clergy　in　all　their　privileges；　and　yet　in　all
  their　ignorance　and　superstition；　shielded　from　the　punishment　of
  crime　and　the　operation　of　all　ordinary　laws　（a　sturdy　defiance　of
  the　temporal　powers）；　the　agents　and　ministers　of　a　foreign　power；
  armed　with　the　terrors　of　hell　and　the　grave。　　Besides　the　prioress
  and　the　nuns'　priest；　we　see　in　living　light　the　habits　and
  pretensions　of　the　lazy　monk；　the　venal　friar　and　pardoner；　and　the
  noisy　summoner　for　ecclesiastical　offences：　hunters　and　gluttons