and　burgesses　of　the　town；　summoned　to　assist　the　royal　councils；
  deliberated　in　separate　chambers　or　halls；　but　in　the　reign　of
  Edward　III。　the　representatives　of　the　knights　of　the　shires　and
  the　burgesses　united　their　interests　and　formed　a　body　strong
  enough　to　check　royal　encroachments；　and　became　known　henceforth　as
  the　House　of　Commons。　　In　thirty　years　this　body　had　wrested　from
  the　Crown　the　power　of　arbitrary　taxation；　had　forced　upon　it　new
  ministers；　and　had　established　the　principle　that　the　redress　of
  grievances　preceded　grants　of　supply。　　Edward　III。　was　compelled　to
  grant　twenty　parliamentary　confirmations　of　Magna　Charta。　　At　the
  close　of　his　reign；　it　was　conceded　that　taxes　could　be　raised　only
  by　consent　of　the　Commons；　and　they　had　sufficient　power；　also；　to
  prevent　the　collection　of　the　tax　which　the　Pope　had　levied　on　the
  country　since　the　time　of　John；　called　Peter's　Pence。　　The　latter
  part　of　the　fourteenth　century　must　not　be　regarded　as　an　era　of
  the　triumph　of　popular　rights；　but　as　the　period　when　these　rights
  began　to　be　asserted。　　Long　and　dreary　was　the　march　of　the　people
  to　complete　political　enfranchisement　from　the　rebellion　under　Wat
  Tyler　to　the　passage　of　the　Reform　Bill　in　our　times。　　But　the
  Commons　made　a　memorable　stand　against　Edward　III。　when　he　was　the
  most　powerful　sovereign　of　western　Europe；　one　which　would　have
  been　impossible　had　not　this　able　and　ambitious　sovereign　been
  embroiled　in　desperate　war　both　with　the　Scotch　and　French。
  With　the　assertion　of　political　rights　we　notice　the　beginning　of
  commercial　enterprise　and　manufacturing　industry。　　A　colony　of
  Flemish　weavers　was　established　in　England　by　the　enlightened　king；
  although　wool　continued　to　be　exported。　　It　was　not　until　the　time
  of　Elizabeth　that　the　raw　material　was　consumed　at　home。
  Still；　the　condition　of　the　common　people　was　dreary　enough　at　this
  time；　when　compared　with　what　it　is　in　our　age。　　They　perhaps　were
  better　fed　on　the　necessities　of　life　than　they　are　now。　　All　meats
  were　comparatively　cheaper；　but　they　had　no　luxuries；　not　even
  wheaten　bread。　　Their　houses　were　small　and　dingy；　and　a　single
  chamber　sufficed　for　a　whole　family；　both　male　and　female。　　Neither
  glass　windows　nor　chimneys　were　then　in　use；　nor　knives　nor　forks；
  nor　tea　nor　coffee；　not　even　potatoes；　still　less　tropical　fruits。
  The　people　had　neither　bed…clothes；　nor　carpets；　nor　glass　nor
  crockery　ware；　nor　cotton　dresses；　nor　books；　nor　schools。　　They
  were　robbed　by　feudal　masters；　and　cheated　and　imposed　upon　by
  friars　and　pedlers；　but　a　grim　cheerfulness　shone　above　their
  discomforts　and　miseries；　and　crime　was　uncommon　and　severely
  punished。　　They　amused　themselves　with　rough　sports；　and　cherished
  religious　sentiments。　　They　were　brave　and　patriotic。
  It　was　to　describe　the　habits　and　customs　of　these　people；　as　well
  as　those　of　the　classes　above　them；　to　give　dignity　to　consecrated
  sentiments　and　to　shape　the　English　language；　that　Chaucer　was
  raised　up。
  He　was　born；　it　is　generally　supposed；　in　the　year　1340；　but
  nothing　is　definitely　known　of　him　till　1357；　when　Edward　III。　had
  been　reigning　about　thirty　years。　　It　is　surmised　that　his　father
  was　a　respectable　citizen　of　London；　that　he　was　educated　at
  Cambridge　and　Oxford；　that　he　went　to　Paris　to　complete　his
  education　in　the　most　famous　university　in　the　world；　that　he　then
  extensively　travelled　in　France；　Holland；　and　Flanders；　after　which
  he　became　a　student　of　law　in　the　Inner　Temple。　　Even　then　he　was
  known　as　a　poet；　and　his　learning　and　accomplishments　attracted　the
  attention　of　Edward　III。；　who　was　a　patron　of　genius；　and　who　gave
  him　a　house　in　Woodstock；　near　the　royal　palace。　　At　this　time
  Chaucer　was　a　handsome；　witty；　modest；　dignified　man　of　letters；　in
  easy　circumstances；　moving　in　the　higher　ranks　of　society；　and
  already　known　for　his　〃Troilus　and　Cresseide；〃　which　was　then
  doubtless　the　best　poem　in　the　language。
  It　was　then　that　the　intimacy　began　between　him　and　John　of　Gaunt；
  a　youth　of　eighteen；　then　Earl　of　Richmond；　fourth　son　of　Edward
  III。；　afterwards　known　as　the　great　Duke　of　Lancaster；the　most
  powerful　nobleman　that　ever　lived　in　England；　also　the　richest；
  possessing　large　estates　in　eighteen　counties；　as　well　as　six
  earldoms。　　This　friendship　between　the　poet　and　the　first　prince　of
  the　blood；　after　the　Prince　of　Wales；　seems　to　have　arisen　from　the
  admiration　of　John　of　Gaunt　for　the　genius　and　accomplishments　of
  Chaucer；　who　was　about　ten　years　the　elder。　　It　was　not　until　the
  prince　became　the　Duke　of　Lancaster　that　he　was　the　friend　and
  protector　of　Wyclif；and　from　different　reasons；　seeing　that　the
  Oxford　scholar　and　theologian　could　be　of　use　to　him　in　his　warfare
  against　the　clergy；　who　were　hostile　to　his　ambitious　designs。
  Chaucer　he　loved　as　a　bright　and　witty　companion；　Wyclif　he　honored
  as　the　most　learned　churchman　of　the　age。
  The　next　authentic　event　in　Chaucer's　life　occurred　in　1359；　when
  he　accompanied　the　king　to　France　in　that　fruitless　expedition
  which　was　soon　followed　by　the　peace　of　Bretigny。　　In　this
  unfortunate　campaign　Chaucer　was　taken　prisoner；　but　was　ransomed
  by　his　sovereign　for　16　pounds；about　equal　to　300　pounds　in　these
  times。　　He　had　probably　before　this　been　installed　at　court　as　a
  gentleman　of　the　bedchamber；　on　a　stipend　which　would　now　be　equal
  to　250　pounds　a　year。　　He　seems　to　have　been　a　favorite　with　the
  court；　after　he　had　written　his　first　great　poem。　　It　is　singular
  that　in　a　rude　and　ignorant　age　poets　should　have　received　much
  greater　honor　than　in　our　enlightened　times。　　Gower　was　patronized
  by　the　Duke　of　Gloucester；　as　Chaucer　was　by　the　Duke　of　Lancaster；
  and　Petrarch　and　Boccaccio　were　in　Italy　by　princes　and　nobles。
  Even　learning　was　held　in　more　reverence　in　the　fourteenth　century
  than　it　is　in　the　nineteenth。　　The　scholastic　doctor　was　one　of　the
  great　dignitaries　of　the　age；　as　well　as　of　the　schools；　and　ranked
  with　bishops　and　abbots。　　Wyclif　at　one　time　was　the　most
  influential　man　in　the　English　Church；　sitting　in　Parliament；　and
  sent　by　the　king　on　important　diplomatic　missions。　　So　Chaucer；
  with　less　claim；　received　valuable　offices　and　land…grants；　which
  made　him　a　wealthy　man；　and　he　was　also　sent　on　important　missions
  in　the　company　of　nobles。　　He　lived　at　the　court。　　His　son　Thomas
  married　one　of　the　richest　heiresses　in　the　kingdom；　and　became
  speaker　of　the　House　of　Commons；　while　his　daughter　Alice　married
  the　Duke　of　Suffolk；　whose　grandson　was　declared　by　Richard　III。　to
  be　his　heir；　and　came　near　becoming　King　of　England。　　Chaucer's
  wife's　sister　married　the　Duke　of　Lancaster　himself；　so　he　was
  allied　with　the　royal　family；　if　not　by　blood；　at　least　by
  ambitious　marriage　connections。
  I　know　of　no　poet　in　the　history　of　England　who　occupied　so　high　a
  social　position　as　did　Chaucer；　or　who　received　so　many　honors。
  The　poet　of　the　people　was　the　companion　of　kings　and　princes。　　At
  one　time　he　had　a　reverse　of　fortune；　when　his　friend　and　patron；
  the　Duke　of　Lancaster；　was　in　disgrace　and　in　voluntary　banishment
  during　the　minority　of　Richard　II。；　against　whom　he　had　intrigued；
  and　who　afterwards　was　dethroned　by　Henry　IV。；　a　son　of　the　Duke　of
  Lancaster。　　While　the　Duke　of　Gloucester　was　in　power；　Chaucer　was
  deprived　of　his　offices　and　revenues　for　two　or　three　years；　and
  was　even　imprisoned　in　the　Tower；　but　when　Lancaster　returned　from
  the　Continent；　his　offices　and　revenues　were　restored。　　His　latter
  days　were　luxurious　and　honored。　　At　fifty…one　he　gave　up　his
  public　duties　as　a　collector　of　customs；　chiefly　on　wool；　and
  retired　to　Woodstock　and　spent　the　remainder　of　his　fortunate　life
  in　dignified　leisure　and　literary　labors。　　In　addition　to　his
  revenues；　the　Duke　of　Lancaster；　who　was　virtually　the　ruler　of　the
  land　during　the　reign　of　Richard　II。；　gave　him　the　castle　of
  Donnington；　with　its　park　and　gardens；　so　that　he　became　a　man　of
  territorial　influence。　　At　the　age　of　fifty…eight　he　removed　to
  London；　and　took　a　house　in　the　precincts　of　Westminster　Abbey；
  where　the　chapel　of　Henry　VII。　now　stands。　　He　died　the　following
  year；　and　was　buried　in　the　Abbey　church；that　sepulchre　of
  princes　and　bishops　and　abbots。　　His　body　was　deposited　in　the
  place　now　known　as　the　Poets'　Corner；　and　a　fitting　monument　to　his
  genius　was　erected　over　his　remains；　as　the　first　great　poet　that
  had　appeared　in　England；　probably　only　surpassed　in　genius　by
  Shakspeare；　until　the　language　assumed　its　present　form。　　He　was
  regarded　as　a　moral　phenomenon；　whom　kings　and　princes　delighted　to
  honor。　　As　Leonardo　da　Vinci　died　in　the　arms　of　Francis　I。；　so
  Chaucer　rested　in　his　grave　near　the　bodies　of　those　sovereigns　and
  princes　with　whom　he　lived　in　intimacy　and　friendship。　　It　was　the
  rarity　of　his　gifts；　his　great　attainments；　elegant　manners；　and
  refined　tastes　which　ma