ose　some　other　reaction　than　fight；　perhaps　we　prevent　him　from　further　assault；　or　we　turn　and　walk　away；　or　we　start　to　explain；　to　mollify　and　console；　or　to　remonstrate　and　reprove。　In　other　words；　〃intelligence〃　steps　in　to　inhibit；　to　bring　to　the　surface　the　possibilities；　to　choose；　and　thus　overrides　the　emotional　instinctive　reaction。　It　may　not　succeed　in　the　overriding；　we　may　hesitate；　inhibit；　etc。；　for　only　a　second　or　so；　before　hot　anger　overcomes　us；　and　the　instinctive　response　of　fight　and　retaliation　takes　place。　These　examples　might　be　multiplied　a　thousandfold。　Every　day　of　our　lives　situations　come　up　in　which　there　is　a　blending　or　an　antagonism　between　emotional；　instinctive　and　intelligent　responses。　In　fact；　very　few　acts　of　the　organized　human　being　are　anything　else。　For　every　emotion　awakens　memories　of　past　emotions　and　the　consequences；　every　instinct　is　hampered　by　other　instincts　or　by　the　inhibitions　aroused　by　obstacles；　and　intelligence　continually　struggles　against　emotion　and　blind　instinct。　Teaching；　experience；　knowledge；　all　modify　emotional　and　instinctive　responses　so　that　sometimes　they　are　hardly　recognizable　as　such。　On　the　other　hand；　though　intelligence　normally　occupies　the　seat　of　power；　it　is　easily　ousted　and　in　reality　only　steers　and　directs　the　vehicle　of　life；　choosing　not　the　goal　but　the　road　by　which　the　goal　can　safely　be　reached。　In　general　terms　we　shall　define　emotions；　instincts　and　intelligence　as　follows：　1。　For　emotions　we　shall　accept　a　modified　James…Lange　theory；　supplementing　it　by　the　developments　of　science　since　their　day。　When　a　thing　is　seen　or　heard　（or　smelled　or　tasted　or　thought）；　it　arouses　an　emotion；　that　emotion　consists　of　at　least　three　parts。　First；　the　arousal　of　memories　and　experiences　that　give　it　a　value　to　the　individual；　make　it　a　desired　object　or　a　dreaded；　distasteful　object。　Second；　at　the　same　time；　or　shortly　preceding　or　succeeding　this；　a　great　variety　of　changes　takes　place　in　the　organism；　changes　that　we　shall　call　the　vaso…visceral…motor　changes。　This　means　merely　that　there　is　a　series　of　reactions　set　up　in　the　sympathetic　nervous　system；　in　the　blood　vessels　and　bodily　structures　they　control　and　in　the　glands　of　internal　secretion；changes　which　include　the　blush　or　the　pallor；　the　rapid　heartbeat；　the　quickened　or　labored　breathing；　the　changes　in　the　digestive　tract　which　include　the　vomiting　of　disgust　and　the　diarrhoea　of　fear；　the　changes　that　passion　brings　in　the　male　and　the　female　and　many　other　alterations　to　be　discussed　again。　Third；　there　is　then　the　feeling　of　these　coenaesthetic　changes；a　feeling　of　pleasantness；　unpleasantness　mingled　with　the　basic　feeling　of　excitement；　and　from　then　on　that　situation　is　linked　in　memory　with　the　feeling　that　we　usually　call　the　emotion　but　which　is　only　a　part　of　it。　Nevertheless；　it　becomes　the　part　longed　for　or　thereafter　avoided；　it　is　the　value　of　the　emotion　to　us；　as　conscious　personalities；　although　it　may　be　a　false；　disastrous；　dangerous　value。　Excitement　is　the　generalized　mood　change　that　results　in　consciousness　in　consequence　of　the　vaso…visceral…motor　changes　of　emotion；　it　is　therefore　based　on　bodily　changes　as　is　the　feeling；　pleasant　or　unpleasant；　that　also　occurs。　William　James　said　that　we　laugh　and　are　therefore　happy；　we　weep　and　are　therefore　sad；　the　bodily　changes　are　primary　and　the　feeling　secondary。　We　do　not　accept　this　dictum　entirely；　but　we　say　that　the　organism　reacts　in　a　complicated　way　and　that　the　feelingsadness；　disgust；　anger；　joysprings　from　the　memories　and　past　experiences　aroused　by　a　situation　as　well　as　from　the　widespread　bodily　excitement　also　so　aroused。　For　the　neurologist　both　the　cerebral　and　the　sympathetic…　endocrinal　components　of　emotion　are　important。　For　the　moment　we　turn　to　instinct　and　instinctive　reactions。　2。　Man　has　always　wondered　that　things　can　be　known　without　teaching。　So　slow　and　painful　is　the　process　of　mastering　a　technique；　whether　of　handicraftsmanship　or　of　art；　so　imbued　are　we　with　the　need　of　education　for　the　acquirement　of　knowledge；　that　we　are　taken　aback　by　the　realization　that　all　around　us　are　creatures　carrying　on　the　most　elaborate　technique；　going　through　the　most　complicated　procedures　and　apparently　possessed　of　the　surest　knowledge　without　the　possibility　of　teaching。　The　flight　of　birds；　the　obstetric　and　nursing　procedures　of　all　animals；　and　especially　the　complicated　and　systematized　labors　of　bees；　ants　and　other　insects；　have　aroused　the　wonder；　admiration　and　awe　of　scientists。　A　chick　pecks　its　way　out　of　its　egg　and　shakes　itself；then　immediately　starts　on　the　trail　of　food　and　usually　needs　no　instruction　as　to　diet。　The　female　insect　lays　its　eggs；　the　male　insect　fertilizes　them；　the　progeny　go　through　the　states　of　evolution　leading　to　adult　life　without　teaching　and　without　the　possibility　of　previous　experience。　Since　the　parent　never　sees　the　progeny；　and　the　progeny　assume　various　shapes　and　have　very　varied　capacities　at　these　times；　there　can　be　no　possible　teaching　of　what　is　remarkably　skillful　and　marvelously　adapted　conduct。＇1＇　＇1＇　The　nature　of　instinct　has　been　a　subject　of　discussion　for　centuries；　but　it　is　only　within　the　last　fifty　years　or　thereabouts　that　instinctive　actions　have　really　been　studied。　I　refer　the　reader　to　the　works　of　Darwin；　Romanes；　Lloyd　Morgan；　the　Peckhams；　Fabre；　Hobhouse；　and　McDougall　for　details　as　to　the　controversies　and　the　facts　obtained。
  Herbert　Spencer　considered　the　instinct　as　a　series　of　inevitable　reflexes。　The　carrion　fly；　when　gravid；　deposits　her　eggs　in　putrid　meat　in　order　that　the　larvae　may　have　appropriate　food；　although　she　never　sees　the　larvae　or　cannot　know　through　experience　their　needs。　〃The　smell　of　putrid　meat　attracts　the　gravid　carrion　fly。　That　is；　it　sets　up　motions　of　the　wings　which　bring　the　fly　to　it；　and　the　fly　having　arrived；　the　smell；　and　the　contact　combined　stimulate　the　functions　of　oviposition。〃＇1＇　But　as　all　the　critics　have　pointed　out；　the　theory　of　compound　reflex　action　leaves　out　of　account　that　there　are　any　number　of　stimuli　pouring　in　on　the　carrion　fly　at　the　same　time　that　the　meat　attracts　her。　The　real　mystery　lies　in　that　internal　condition　which　makes　the　smell　of　the　meat　act　so　inevitably。　＇1＇　Hobhouse。
  In　fact；　it　is　this　internal　condition　in　the　living　creature　that　is　the　most　important　single　link　in　instinct。　In　the　non…mating　season　the　sight　of　the　female　has　no　effect　on　the　male。　But　periodically　his　internal　organs　become　tense　with　procreative　cells；　these　change　his　coenaesthesia；　that　starts　desire；　and　desire　sets　going　the　mechanisms　of　search；　courtship；　the　sexual　act　and　the　care　of　the　female　while　she　is　gravid。　All　instinctive　acts　have　back　of　them　either　a　tension　or　a　deficit　of　some　kind　or　other；　brought　about　by　the　awakening　of　function　of　some　glandular　structure；　so　that　the　organism　becomes　ready　to　respond　to　some　appropriate　outside　stimulus　and　inaccessible　to　others。　During　the　mating　season；　with　certain　animals；　the　stimulus　of　food　has　no　effect　until　there　is　effected　the　purposes　of　the　sexual　hunger。　Changes　in　the　body　due　to　the　activity　of　sex　glands　or　gastric　juices　or　any　other　organic　product　have　two　effects。　They　increase　the　stimulation　that　comes　from　the　thing　sought　and　decrease　the　stimulation　that　comes　from　other　things。　In　physiological　language；　the　threshold　for　the　first　is　lowered　and　for　the　other　it　is　raised。　But　this　does　not　explain　HOW　the　changes　in　glands　MAKE　the　animal　seek　this　or　that；　except　by　saying　that　the　animal　has　hereditary　structures　all　primed　to　explode　in　the　right　way。　We　may　fall　back　on　Bergson's　mystical　idea　that　all　life　is　a　unity；　and　that　instinct；　which　makes　one　living　thing　know　what　to　do　with　anotherto　kill　it　in　a　scientific　way　for　the　good　of　the　posterity　of　the　killeris　merely　the　knowledge；　unconscious；　that　life　has　of　life。　That　pleasant　explanation　projects　us　back　to　a　darker　problem　than　ever：　how　life　knows　life　and　why　one　part　of　life　so　obviously　seeks　to　circumvent　the　purpose　of　another　part　of　life。　For　us　it　is　best　to　say　that　instinct　arises　out　of　the　racial　and　individual　needs；　that　physically　there　occur　changes　in　the　glands　and　tissues；　that　these　set　up　desires　which　arouse　into　action　simple　or　elaborate　mechanisms　which　finally　satisfy　the　need　of　the　organs　and　tissues。＇1＇　＇1＇　Kempf　in　his　book　on　the　vegetative　nervous　system　goes　into　great　detail　the　way　the　visceral　needs　force　the　animal　or　human　to　satisfy　them。　Life　is　a　sort　of　war　between　the　vegetative　and　the　central　nervous　system。　There　is　just　enough　truth　in　this　point　of　view　to　make　it　very　entertaining。
  Even　in　the　low　forms　of　life　instincts　are　not　perfect　at　the　start；　or　perfect　in　details；　and　almost　every　member　of　a　species　will　show　individuality　in　dealing　with　an　obstacle　to　an　instinctive　action。　In　other　words；　though　there　is　instinct　and　this　furnishes　the　basis　for　action　in　the　lowest　forms　of　life；　there　is　also　the　capacity　for　learning　by　experience；and　this　is　Intelligence。　〃The　basis　of　instinct　is　heredity　and　we　can　impute　an　action　to　pure　i