llow　them　in　revise；　the　chief　part　of　which　is　done　as　the　sheets　pass　through　the　press；　and　is　by　far　the　heaviest　part　of　the　work。　　Of　the　Sanskrit　only　the　second　book　of　Samuel　and　the　first　book　of　Kings　were　lost。　　Scarcely　any　of　the　Orissa；　and　none　of　the　Kashmeerian　or　of　the　Burman　MSS。　were　lostcopy　for　about　thirty　pages　of　my　Bengali　dictionary；　the　whole　copy　of　a　Telinga　grammar；　part　of　the　copy　of　the　grammar　of　Punjabi　or　Sikh　language；　and　all　the　materials　which　I　had　been　long　collecting　for　a　dictionary　of　all　the　languages　derived　from　the　Sanskrit。　　I　hope；　however；　to　be　enabled　to　repair　the　loss；　and　to　complete　my　favourite　scheme；　if　my　life　be　prolonged。〃
  Little　did　these　simple　scholars；　all　absorbed　in　their　work；　dream　that　this　fire　would　prove　to　be　the　means　of　making　them　and　their　work　famous　all　over　Europe　and　America　as　well　as　India。　　Men　of　every　Christian　school；　and　men　interested　only　in　the　literary　and　secular　side　of　their　enterprise；　had　their　active　sympathy　called　out。　　The　mere　money　loss；　at　the　exchange　of　the　day；　was　not　under　ten　thousand　pounds。　　In　fifty　days　this　was　raised　in　England　and　Scotland　alone；　till　Fuller；　returning　from　his　last　campaign；　entered　the　room　of　his　committee；　declaring　〃we　must　stop　the　contributions。〃　　In　Greenock；　for　instance；　every　place　of　worship　on　one　Sunday　collected　money。　　In　the　United　States　Mr。　Robert　Ralston；　a　Presbyterian；　a　merchant　of　Philadelphia；　who　as　Carey's　correspondent　had　been　the　first　American　layman　to　help　missions　to　India；　and　Dr。　Staughton；　who　had　taken　an　interest　in　the　formation　of　the　Society　in　1792　before　he　emigrated；　had　long　assisted　the　translation　work；　and　now　that　Judson　was　on　his　way　out　they　redoubled　their　exertions。　　In　India　Thomason's　own　congregation　sent　the　missionaries　？00；　and　Brown　wrote　from　his　dying　bed　a　message　of　loving　help。　　The　newspapers　of　Calcutta　caught　the　enthusiasm；　one　leading　article　concluded　with　the　assurance　that　the　Serampore　press　would；　〃like　the　phoenix　of　antiquity；　rise　from　its　ashes；　winged　with　new　strength；　and　destined；　in　a　lofty　and　long…enduring　flight；　widely　to　diffuse　the　benefits　of　knowledge　throughout　the　East。〃　The　day　after　the　fire　ceased　to　smoke　Monohur　was　at　the　task　of　casting　type　from　the　lumps　of　the　molten　metal。
  In　two　months　after　the　first　intelligence　Fuller　was　able　to　send　as　〃feathers　of　the　phoenix〃　slips　of　sheets　of　the　Tamil　Testament；　printed　from　these　types；　to　the　towns　and　churches　which　had　subscribed。　　Every　fortnight　a　fount　was　cast；　in　a　month　all　the　native　establishment　was　at　work　night　and　day。　　In　six　months　the　whole　loss　in　Oriental　types　was　repaired。　　The　Ramayana　version　and　Sanskrit　polyglot　dictionary　were　never　resumed。　　But　of　the　Bible　translations　and　grammars；　Carey　and　his　two　heroic　brethren　wrote：〃We　found；　on　making　the　trial；　that　the　advantages　in　going　over　the　same　ground　a　second　time　were　so　great　that　they　fully　counter…balanced　the　time　requisite　to　be　devoted　thereto　in　a　second　translation。〃　　The　fire；　in　truth；　the　cause　of　which　was　never　discovered；　and　insurance　against　which　did　not　exist　in　India；　had　given　birth　to　revised　editions。
  CHAPTER　XI
  WHAT　CAREY　DID　FOR　LITERATURE　AND　FOR　HUMANITY
  The　growth　of　a　languageCarey　identified　with　the　transition　stage　of　BengaliFirst　printed　booksCarey's　own　worksHis　influence　on　indigenous　writersHis　son's　worksBengal　the　first　heathen　country　to　receive　the　pressThe　first　Bengali　newspaperThe　monthly　and　quarterly　Friend　of　IndiaThe　Hindoo　revival　of　the　eighteenth　century　fostered　by　the　East　India　CompanyCarey's　three　memorials　to　Government　on　female　infanticide；　voluntary　drowning；　and　widow…burningWhat　Jonathan　Duncan　and　Col。　Walker　had　doneWellesley's　regulation　to　prevent　the　sacrifice　of　childrenBeginning　of　the　agitation　against　the　Suttee　crimeCarey's　pundits　more　enlightened　than　the　Company's　judgesHumanity　triumphs　in　1832Carey's　share　in　Ward's　book　on　the　HindoosThe　lawless　supernaturalism　of　Rome　and　of　IndiaWorship　of　JaganathRegulation　identifying　Government　with　HindooismThe　swinging　festivalGhat　murdersBurning　of　lepersCarey　establishes　the　Leper　Hospital　in　CalcuttaSlavery　in　India　loses　its　legal　statusCowper；　Clarkson；　and　Carey。
  Like　the　growth　of　a　tree　is　the　development　of　a　language；　as　really　and　as　strictly　according　to　law。　　In　savage　lands　like　those　of　Africa　the　missionary　finds　the　living　germs　of　speech；　arranges　them　for　the　first　time　in　grammatical　order；　expresses　them　in　written　and　printed　form；　using　the　simplest；　most　perfect；　and　most　universal　character　of　allthe　Roman；　and　at　one　bound　gives　the　most　degraded　of　the　dark　peoples　the　possibility　of　the　highest　civilisation　and　the　divinest　future。　　In　countries　like　India　and　China；　where　civilisation　has　long　ago　reached　its　highest　level；　and　has　been　declining　for　want　of　the　salt　of　a　universal　Christianity；　it　is　the　missionary　again　who　interferes　for　the　highest　ends；　but　by　a　different　process。　　Mastering　the　complex　classical　speech　and　literature　of　the　learned　and　priestly　class；　and　living　with　his　Master's　sympathy　among　the　people　whom　that　class　oppresses；　he　takes　the　popular　dialects　which　are　instinct　with　the　life　of　the　future；　where　they　are　wildly　luxuriant　he　brings　them　under　law；　where　they　are　barren　he　enriches　them　from　the　parent　stock　so　as　to　make　them　the　vehicle　of　ideas　such　as　Greek　gave　to　Europe；　and　in　time　he　brings　to　the　birth　nations　worthy　of　the　name　by　a　national　language　and　literature　lighted　up　with　the　ideas　of　the　Book　which　he　is　the　first　to　translate。
  This　was　what　Carey　did　for　the　speech　of　the　Bengalees。　　To　them；　as　the　historians　of　the　fast　approaching　Christian　future　will　recognise；　he　was　made　what　the　Saxon　Boniface　had　become　to　the　Germans；　or　the　Northumbrian　Baeda　and　Wyclif　to　the　English。　　The　transition　period　of　English；　from　1150　when　its　modern　grammatical　form　prevailed；　to　the　fifteenth　century　when　the　rich　dialects　gave　place　to　the　literary　standard；　has　its　central　date　in　1362。　　Then　Edward　the　Third　made　English　take　the　place　of　French　as　the　public　language　of　justice　and　legislation；　closely　followed　by　Wyclif's　English　Bible。　　Carey's　one　Indian　life　of　forty　years　marks　the　similar　transition　stage　of　Bengali；　including　the　parallel　regulation　of　1829；　which　abolished　Persian；　made　by　the　Mohammedan　conquerors　the　language　of　the　courts；　and　put　in　its　place　Bengali　and　the　vernaculars　of　the　other　provinces。
  When　Carey　began　to　work　in　Calcutta　and　Dinapoor　in　1792…93　Bengali　had　no　printed　and　hardly　any　written　literature。　　The　very　written　characters　were　justly　described　by　Colebrooke　as　nothing　else　but　the　difficult　and　beautiful　Sanskrit　Devanagari　deformed　for　the　sake　of　expeditious　writings；　such　as　accounts。　　It　was　the　new　vaishnava　faith　of　the　Nuddea　reformer　Chaitanya　which　led　to　the　composition　of　the　first　Bengali　prose。22　The　Brahmans　and　the　Mohammedan　rulers　alike　treated　Bengalithough　〃it　arose　from　the　tomb　of　the　Sanskrit；〃　as　Italian　did　from　Latin　under　Dante's　inspirationas　fit　only　for　〃demons　and　women。〃　　In　the　generation　before　Carey　there　flourished　at　the　same　Oxford　of　India；　as　Nuddea　has　been　called；　Raja　Krishna　Rai；　who　did　for　Bengali　what　our　own　King　Alfred　accomplished　for　English　prose。　　Moved；　however；　chiefly　by　a　zeal　for　Hindooism；　which　caused　him　to　put　a　Soodra　to　death　for　marrying　into　a　Brahman　family；　he　himself　wrote　the　vernacular　and　spent　money　in　gifts；　which　〃encouraged　the　people　to　study　Bengali　with　unusual　diligence。〃　　But　when；　forty　years　after　that；　Carey　visited　Nuddea　he　could　not　discover　more　than　forty　separate　works；　all　in　manuscript；　as　the　whole　literature　of　30；000；000　of　people　up　to　that　time。　　A　press　had　been　at　work　on　the　opposite　side　of　the　river　for　fifteen　years；　but　Halhed's　grammar　was　still　the　only　as　it　was　the　most　ancient　printed　book。　　One　Baboo　Ram；　from　Upper　India；　was　the　first　native　who　established　a　press　in　Calcutta；　and　that　only　under　the　influence　of　Colebrooke；　to　print　the　Sanskrit　classics。　　The　first　Bengali　who；　on　his　own　account；　printed　works　in　the　vernacular　on　trade　principles；　was　Gunga　Kishore；　whom　Carey　and　Ward　had　trained　at　Serampore。　　He　soon　made　so　large　a　fortune　by　his　own　press　that　three　native　rivals　had　sprung　up　by　1820；　when　twenty…seven　separate　books；　or　15；000　copies；　had　been　sold　to　natives　within　ten　years。
  For　nearly　all　these　Serampore　supplied　the　type。　　But　all　were　in　another　sense　the　result　of　Carey's　action。　　His　first　edition　of　the　Bengali　New　Testament　appeared　in　1801；　his　Grammar　in　the　same　year；　and　at　the　same　time　his　Colloquies；　or　〃dialogues　intended　to　facilitate　the　acquiring　of　the　Bengali　language；〃　which　he　wrote　out　of　the　abundance　of　his　knowledge　of　native　thought；　idioms；　and　even　slang；　to　enable　students　to　converse　with　all　classes　of　society；　as　Erasmus　had　done　in　another　way。　　His　Dictionary　of　80；000　words　began　to　appear　in　1815。　　Knowing；　however；　that　in　the　long　run　the　literature　of　a　nation　must　be　of　indigenous　growth；　he　at　once　pressed　the