第 1 节
作者:丢丢      更新:2021-02-24 22:29      字数:9321
  〃The Altruist in Politics〃
  The Altruist in Politics
  by Benjamin Cardozo
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  〃The Altruist in Politics〃
  There comes not seldom a crisis in the life of men; of nations; and of
  worlds;   when   the   old   forms   seem   ready   to   decay;   and   the   old   rules   of
  action     have    lost   their   binding    force。     The     evils   of  existing     systems
  obscure the blessings that attend them; and; where reform is needed; the
  cry is raised for subversion。            The cause of such phenomena is not far to
  seek。     〃It   used   to   appear   to   me;〃   writes   Count   Tolstoi;   in   a   significant
  passage; 〃it used to appear to me that the small number of cultivated; rich
  and idle men; of whom I was one; composed the whole of humanity; and
  that   the   millions   and   millions   of   other   men   who   had   lived   and   are   still
  living were not in reality men at all。〃              It is this spirit… the spirit that sees
  the   whole   of   humanity   in   the   few;   and   throws   into   the   background   the
  millions   and   millions   of   other   men…it   is   this   spirit   that   has   aroused   the
  antagonism of reformers; and made the decay of the old forms; the rupture
  of   the old   restrictions;   the   ideal of   them  and   of   their   followers。       When
  wealth and poverty meet each other face to face; the one the master and
  the    other   the   dependent;      the  one    exalted    and   the   other   debased;     it  is
  perhaps   hardly   matter   for   surprise   that   the   dependent   and   debased   and
  powerless faction; in envy of their opponents' supremacy; should demand;
  not simple reform; but absolute community and equality of wealth。                           That
  cry for communism is no new one in the history of mankind。                          Thousands
  of years ago it was heard and acted on; and; in the lapse of centuries; its
  reverberations have but swelled in volume。                  Again and again; the altruist
  has arisen in politics; has bidden us share with others the product of our
  toil;  and   has   proclaimed   the   communistic   dogma   as   the   panacea   for   our
  social   ills。   So   today;   amid   the   buried   hopes   and   buried   projects   of   the
  past; the doctrine of communism still lives in the minds of men。                          Under
  stress of misfortune; or in dread of tyranny; it is still preached in modern
  times as Plato preached it in the world of the Greeks。
  Yet it is indeed doubtful whether; in the history of mankind; a doctrine
  was   ever   taught   more   impracticable   or   more   false   to   the   principles   it
  professes than this very doctrine of communism。                     In a world where self…
  interest is avowedly the ruling motive; it seeks to establish at once an all…
  reaching   and   all…controlling   altruism。          In   a   world   where   every   man   is
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  〃The Altruist in Politics〃
  pushing and fighting to outstrip his fellows; it would make him toil with
  like vigor for their common welfare。              In a world where a man's activity is
  measured       by   the   nearness    of   reward;    it  would    hold    up  a   prospective
  recompense as an equal stimulant to labor。                 〃The more bitterly we feel;〃
  writes George Eliot; 〃the more bitterly we feel the folly; ignorance; neglect;
  or   self…seeking   of   those   who   at   different   times   have   wielded   power;   the
  stronger is the obligation we lay on ourselves to beware lest we also; by a
  too hasty wresting of measures which seem to promise immediate relief;
  make      a  worse     time   of   it  for  our   own     generation;     and    leave   a   bad
  inheritance for our children。〃            In the future; when the remoteness of his
  reward shall have weakened the laborer's zeal; we shall be able to judge
  more   fairly   of   the   blessings   that   the   communist   offers。       Instead   of   the
  present     world;     where     some     at  least   are   well…to…do      and    happy;    the
  communist   holds   before   us   a   world   where   all   alike   are   poor。        For   the
  activity;   the   push;   the   vigor   of   our   modern   life;   his   substitute   is   a   life
  aimless     and    unbroken。      And     so   we   have    to  say   to  communists       what
  George   Eliot   might   have   said:   Be   not   blinded   by   the   passions   of   the
  moment; but when you prate about your own wrongs and the sufferings of
  your offspring; take heed lest in the long run you make a worse time of it
  for your own generation; and leave a bad inheritance for your children。
  Little   thought   has     been   taken    by   these   altruistic   reformers   for    the
  application of the doctrines they uphold。                To the question how one kind
  of labor can be measured against another; how the labor of the artisan can
  be measured against the labor of the artist; how the labor of the strong can
  be measured   against   the labor of   the weak;  the   communists   can   give   no
  answer。      Absorbed; as they are; in the principle of equality; they have still
  forgotten the equality of work in the equality of pay; they have forgotten
  that reward; to be really equal; must be proportionate to effort; and they
  and   all   socialists   have   forgotten   that   we   cannot   make   an   arithmetic   of
  human thought and feeling; and that for all our crude attempts to balance
  recompense        against    toil;  for   all  our   crude    attempts    to   determine     the
  relative   severity   of   different   kinds   of   toil;   for   all   our   crude   attempts   to
  determine the relative strain on different persons of the same kind of toil;
  yet not only will the ratio; dealing; as it does; with our subjective feelings;
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  〃The Altruist in Politics〃
  be a blundering one; but a system based upon it will involve inequalities
  greater; because more insidious; than those of the present system it would
  discard。
  Instances;     indeed;    are   not   wanting     to  substantiate     the  claim    that
  communism; by unduly exalting our altruistic impulses; proceeds upon a
  false psychological basis。          Yet if an instance is to be chosen; it would be
  hard   to   find   one   more   suggestive   than   that   afforded   by   the   efforts   of
  Robert Owen。         The year 1824 saw the rise of Owen's little community of
  New Harmony; and the year of 1828 saw the community's final disruption。
  Individuals had appropriated to themselves the property designed for all;
  and even Owen; who had given to the enterprise his money and his life;
  was   obliged   to   admit   that   men   were   not   yet   fitted   for   the   communistic
  stage;     and    that   the    moment       of   transition    from     individualism       to
  communism had not yet arrived。              Men trained under the old system; with
  its eager rivalry; its selfish interests; could not quite yet enter into the spirit
  of   self…   renunciation   that   communism   demands。           And   Owen;   therefore;
  was led to put his trust in education as the great moulder of the minds of
  men。      Through      this   agency;    he   hoped;    the   eager   rivalry;   the   selfish
  interests;   the   sordid   love   of   gain;   might   be   lost   in   higher;   purer;   more
  disinterested ends; and; animated by that hope…the hope that in the fullness
  of     time    another     New      Harmony;       free    from     contention      and    the
  disappointments   of   the   old   one;   might   serve   to   immortalize   his   name…
  animated by that hope; Owen passed the last thirty years of his life; and
  with that hope still before his eyes he died。
  But    years    now    have    passed    since   Owen      lived;   the  second     New
  Harmony has not yet been seen; the so…called rational system of education
  has    not   yet   transformed      the  impulses     or   the  aims    of   men;    and   the
  communist of today; with a history of two thousand years of failure behind
  him; in the same pathetic confidence still looks for the realization of his
  dreams to the communism of the future。
  And     yet;  granting    that  communism   were         practicable;    granting    that
  Owen's hopes had some prospect of fulfillment; the doctrine still embodies
  evils that must make it forever inexpedient。              The readers of Mr。 Matthew
  Arnold's works